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What is the enzyme people lack because of lactose intolerance?

Lactase

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose, fructose and galactose

Examples of polysaccharides that help in our digestive tracts

Stachyose and raffinose

Signs and symptoms between type one and type two diabetes

Type one- people can't produce insulin and are born with it. Type two- 90% of cases and based on lifestyle choices.

What happens when two sugars join?

They lose a water molecule which is a condensation reaction

What happens when two sugars come apart?

This is a hydrolysis reaction

What is the primary molecule that is most efficient?

Glucose

What is it called when we make glucose from other sources rather than carbohydrates?

Gluconeogenesis

When our blood glucose level goes down, what hormone helps to bring our blood sugar to a normal state?

Glucagon breaks down glycogen to make glucose

When our blood glucose level goes up, what hormone helps to bring our blood sugar to a normal state?

Insulin

Examples of polysaccharides

Starch, fiber, and glycogen

What polysaccharides do we not digest all the way?

Fiber

What kind of fiber absorbs fluid and extra waste products?

Soluble fiber

Problems with lack of fiber causing large intestine pouches out; what are the two different levels?

Worst case scenario- diverticulitis; Less worrisome scenario- diverticulosis

Different kinds of fibers found in food starches; which most resemble glycogen, amylopectin or amylose?

Amylopectin

Which has more fiber, brown rice or white refined rice?

Brown rice (whole grain)

Which has more fiber, fruits & veggies or milk & meat?

Fruits and vegetables

How many total amino acids are needed in the body?

20

What are essential nutrients and how many are there?

They are needed in our diet and there are 9 (11 nonessential)

What are the names of the bonds that hold sugars together to make bigger carbohydrates?

Glycosidic

Amino acids that make bigger proteins are called:

Peptides

Bonds used to make fatty acids bigger are called:

Ester bonds

Complete proteins contain all 9 essential nutrients and are found in:

Animal products

Incomplete proteins don't contain all 9 essential nutrients and are found in:

Plant products

Name for when you pair two plant products to get all 9 essential nutrients:

Protein complementation

What is it called when proteins take parts and pieces to rejoin amino acids to make new proteins?

Transamination

What is it called to break off amino acids, and what is the waste product called?

Deamination; the waste product is an amine group to make urine

What is the term for ways to change protein's function and form?

Denaturation

How can we denature protein?

Heat, pH, acid, agitation, enzymes

Enzyme that isn't active until hydrochloric acid activates it?

Nonactive- pepsinogen; Active- pepsin

Name of the major form of protein found in the bloodstream, specifically to check fluid levels?

Albumin

What is the first step in making proteins?

Primary structure

What is the most complicated structure of proteins (e.g., hemoglobin)?

Quaternary structure

How many essential fatty acids are there?

Two

What does protein malnutrition cause regarding fluids?

Fluid build-up

Which fatty acid does not have double bonds in its structure?

Saturated

Which fatty acid has one double bond in its structure?

Monounsaturated (Example: olive oil)

Which fatty acid has more than two double bonds in its structure?

Polyunsaturated

What are the two essential fatty acids?

Omega 3 and 6

What fat has ring-like structures?

Cholesterol

Fatty acid chains include alpha and omega ends. What do alpha and omega refer to?

Alpha includes cis bonds and omega refers to the position of the double bond (like 3 and 6)

Which of the major fats is primarily used for energy storage in our body?

Triglycerides

What part of the triglycerides can be broken down to make glucose?

Glycerol (3 heads)

How many fatty acid chains do phospholipids have?

Two

What picks up cholesterol that could build up on your arteries?

HDL - High Density Lipoprotein