2010 exam 3pt1

Vocabulary flashcards detailing key figures, terms, legislative compromises, and movements across the Early Republic, Market Revolution, and early labor history.

"Getting Forward" / Market Revolution

The post-1815 economic shift, named after an 1815 Baltimore newspaper phrase describing commercial ambition, that moved the US from local, self-sufficient barter farming to a national cash and wage-labor economy powered by steam, canals, and factories.

Second Bank of the United States

A national bank chartered in 1816 to issue a uniform currency and regulate state banks, which fueled rapid western expansion onto Indigenous lands and an economic boom during the admission of six new states between 1816 and 1821.

Robert Fulton

The inventor who launched the first commercial steamboat service on New York's Hudson River in 1807, laying the groundwork for more than 200 steamboats operating on western rivers by 1830.

The New Orleans

A steamboat that journeyed from Pittsburgh to New Orleans in January 1812, successfully proving that steam-driven vessels could navigate upriver against the Mississippi River's strong current.

Erie Canal

A 363-mile state-funded canal completed in 1825 that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City harbor, triggering a nationwide canal boom and making New York City the nation's premier port.

The National Road

The first federally funded interstate road that crossed the Alleghenies from Wheeling, Virginia, dramatically reducing travel times across the mountains compared to earlier primitive wagon trails.

Samuel Slater

A British immigrant who bypassed British export bans in 1789 by memorizing English textile machine blueprints and building yarn-spinning machinery in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Waltham-Lowell System

An integrated factory model created by Francis Cabot Lowell and Paul Moody that centralized all stages of cloth production under one roof and employed thousands of young, rural female wage earners known as "mill girls."

Coverture

The legal doctrine under which marriage legally subsumed a woman's civic and legal identity, transferring all of her property, wages, and credit directly to her husband.

Separate Spheres

A middle-class ideology dividing human activity into a male public sphere of commerce and politics and a female domestic sphere centered on the home, morality, and consumption.

House of Refuge

A New York City custodial institution for impoverished and delinquent youth that bound poor children out to farm labor through indentures, highlighting sharp class divides in childhood experiences.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

An 1814 military engagement in which Andrew Jackson defeated the Muskogee (Creek) nation, propelling him to national prominence as a frontier military hero.

"Negro Fort"

A British-constructed fortification in Spanish Florida occupied by formerly enslaved people that was destroyed by US forces in 1816, killing 270 individuals.

Adams-Onís Treaty

An 1819 diplomatic agreement negotiated by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States following Andrew Jackson's military incursion into Pensacola.

"Corrupt Bargain"

The charge made by Andrew Jackson's supporters following the 1824 presidential election, alleging that Henry Clay steered the decisive House vote to John Quincy Adams in exchange for being appointed Secretary of State.

Seth Luther

A labor activist who denounced industrial capitalism as a "cruel system of extraction" and mobilized early trade unions to fight wage dependency and demand a ten-hour workday.

Dartmouth v. Woodward

An 1819 Supreme Court ruling that established that private corporate charters are protected contracts that state legislatures cannot unilaterally alter.

Benevolent Empire

A network of Protestant interdenominational moral reform organizations, such as the American Bible Society and Sabbatarian groups, organized by middle-class evangelicals during the Second Great Awakening.

American Temperance Society (ATS)

An evangelical crusade established in 1826 and championed by Lyman Beecher that promoted total abstinence from alcohol through its "Cold Water Army," enrolling 1 million members by 1836.

"Downriver"

The forced internal slave trade corridor through which hundreds of thousands of enslaved laborers were relocated to the expanding Deep South cotton belt, breaking up between one-fifth and one-third of all enslaved marriages.

Monroe Doctrine

An 1823 foreign policy statement drafted by John Quincy Adams declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to future European colonization, intended to protect US commercial interests in independent Latin America.

Tallmadge Amendment

An 1819 legislative proposal by New York Representative James Tallmadge to ban the introduction of new enslaved persons into Missouri and emancipate children born to enslaved parents there at age 25.

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 legislative compromise engineered by Jesse Thomas and Henry Clay that admitted Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banned slavery north of the $36^\circ 30'$ latitude line in the Louisiana Purchase territory.

Letter of Cato

A 1781 text published in the Freeman's Journal by a formerly enslaved Pennsylvanian who utilized Revolutionary anti-tyranny rhetoric to challenge an attempt to repeal protections granted by the state's 1780 gradual abolition act.

Notes on the State of Virginia

Thomas Jefferson's 1788 book asserting that racial differences were "fixed in nature" and arguing that Black individuals possessed equal memory but were inferior in reason and imagination.

Benjamin Banneker

A free Black astronomer and mathematician who sent a handwritten copy of his calculated almanac to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 to refute Jefferson's theories of Black intellectual inferiority using Jefferson's own words on human equality.

Alexander McGillivray (Hoboi-Hili-Miko)

A Creek headman who engaged in "play-off" diplomacy by writing to the Spanish governor of Florida in 1785 to secure arms and trade partnerships as a counterweight against encroaching American settlers.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who in 1810 organized pan-Indian resistance by arguing to William Henry Harrison that the continent was held collectively by all Native peoples and that no individual tribe possessed the authority to cede common land.

Abigail Bailey

An early American woman whose 1815 memoirs detailed how she leveraged religious principle and family support to escape domestic abuse by compelling her husband, Major Asa Bailey, to divide their property and leave.

James Madison’s Seventh Annual Address

An 1815 presidential message urging Congress to support post-war economic nationalism by funding coastal fortifications, enacting protective tariffs, founding a national university, and building federally funded roads and canals.

Maria Stewart

A free Black activist whose 1832 Boston lecture at Franklin Hall condemned Northern racial barriers that restricted Black men and women to menial servitude, while urging community education and civil rights advocacy.

1836 Lowell Mill Strike

A labor strike by 1,200 to 1,500 female factory operatives in October 1836 who walked out against corporation wage cuts and the termination of their 25-cent weekly boarding subsidy while singing "Oh! I cannot be a slave."