09 - Growth: Preschool to Middle Childhood

6-11 y/o

Age range of middle childhood

Self-esteem

This is the central issue in middle childhood

F; 3-6 irregularly timed spurts

T/F: Growth in middle childhood is characterized by 3-6 regularly times growth spurts

3-3.5 kg/yr

Weight gain during middle childhood

6-7 cm/yr

Height gain during middle childhood

12-14 y/o

At what age is there peak gray matter in the brain

2 cm increase

Head growth during middle childhood

6 y/o

Loss of deciduous teeth begins at what age?

4 per year

Rate of replacement of deciduous teeth with adult teeth

11-12 y/o

Premolar eruption occurs at what age?

Middle Childhood

At which stage of development does a child accomplish higher-order motor skills and perform complex movements such as dancing or shooting baskets

1 hour of physical activity per day

Requirement for physical activity in middle childhood

5-6 y/o

At what age do children begin to express dissatisfaction with their bodies?

8-9 y/o

At what age do children may try to diet

F; Preoperational → Concrete Operational

T/F: Cognitive development in middle childhood may be summarized as a shift from concrete operational to formal operational thinking

T

T/F: The school readiness concept now focuses more on an interactional relationship between the child and his environment, mainly the school.

Perceptual, Cognitive, and Language Process skills

Mastery of the elementary curriculum requires proficiency what 3 skills

Visual Analysis

This domain of perceptual skill is defined as the ability to break a complex figure into components and understand spatial relationships

Proprioception

This domain of perceptual skill is defined as the ability to obtain information about the body position by feel

Phonologic processing

This domain of perceptual skill is defined as the ability to perceive differences between similar sounding words

Long-term memory

This domain of cognitive skill is defined as the ability to acquire skills that are automatic

Selective Attention

This domain of cognitive skill is defined as the ability to attend to important stimuli and ignore distractions

Sequencing

This domain of cognitive skill is defined as the ability to remember things in order

Receptive Language

This domain of language processing skill is defined as the ability to comprehend complex instructions

Expressive Language

This domain of language processing skill is defined as the ability to recall required words effortlessly and construct meaningful paragraphs and stories

1st-2nd grade

“I can read, write, and do addition and subtraction”

What grade am I in?

3rd Grade

“I can understand the content of this paragraph and compose stories”

What grade am I in?

3rd or 4th Grade

“I enjoy reading and playing board games”

What grade am I in?

Internal Rewards

This factor in determining classroom performance stems from a belief in one’s abilities and willingness to work for delayed rewards

External Rewards

This factor in determining classroom performance stems from eagerness to please adults and gain peer approval

Home and Family

Out of the 3 environmental spheres undergoing change during middle childhood, which of them remains the most influencial?

First Sleepover at a friend’s house and First time at an overnight camp

Increasing independence from home is marked by what event?

F; They should encourage effort and celebrate successes but also offer support in times of failure

T/F: Parents should absolutely avoid demanding effort in school and extracurricular activities as it may put uneccessary pressure on the child

F; Same gender but frequent changing of members

T/F: Social groups in middle childhood tend to be the same changer and have the same members

Popularity

Central ingredient for self-esteem in middle childhood and is affected by possessions, accomplishments, and attractiveness

Compensatory fantasies of being powerful

Coping mechanism developed by children when exposed to adult materialism, sexuality, drug abuse and violence

T

T/F: Compensatory fantasies are not always harmful

T

T/F: Children who adopt individualistic styles may be subject to teasing or bullying in middle childhood

6 y/o

At what age do most children develop a conscience

Self-interest (Punishment and Reward)

Decision making in middle childhood is guided by what principle?

F; Only self-interest

T/F: At 6 y/o, needs of others are considered when making decisions

10-11 y/o

At what age do most children begin to understand peer pressure

Reciprocity

This principle guides the way 10-11 y/o treat one another where they treat others the way they want to be treated

2 hours per day

What limit should be set to media viewing in middle childhood

Emergence of Language and Exposure to an expanding sphere

These are the critical milestones for children in preschool (2-5 y/o)

T
F
T
T

MTF: General Characteristics of Preschool age

1.) Learn through experiences and manipulating objects
2.) Less independent
3.) Fear development
4.) Heightened imagination and fantasy

B

VR: (1) Brain at preschool age (2) Cortical Thickness

A

VR: (1) Brain at preschool age (2) Cortical Surface Area

Scaffolding

Phenomena where less brain regions are required by older kids to do the same task compared to younger kids

Left Hemisphere

Which hemisphere of the brain develops more during preschool

Left hemisphere

Language, Writing, and Logic are lateralized to which hemisphere of the brain?

Right Hemisphere

Creativity, Fantasy, and artistic skills are lateralized to which hemisphere of the brain?

Blooming

Term used to describe massive synapse formation from 36 weeks AOG to 2 y/o

Pruning

Term used to describe the removal of excess synapses at 4-6 y/o

F; Pruning is the best time

T/F: The best time to introduce new skills is at the blooming stage due to the massive formation of synapses

4x the birth weight

Weight relative to birth weight at 2.5 years

7-8 cm/year

Height growth at preschool age

F; genu Valgum
T
F; Mature Gait

MTF: Physical Development of preschooler

1.) Have genu varum
2.) Have pes planus
3.) Have wide-based gait

Persisting beyond 2 y/o

When is toe walking considered pathologic?

3 y/o

Handedness is strongly established at what age?

18 months

Handedness starts at what age?

11-13 hours/day

How many hours of sleep do preschoolers usually get?

F; Preschool

T/F: Naps are usually dropped at the middle childhood stage

3 y/o

“I have 20/30 vision”

What age am I?

4 y/o

“I have 20/20 vision”

What age am I?

3 y/o

“I have complete set of primary teeth”

What age am I?

T; Girls at 4 y/o while boys at 5 y/o

T/F: Girls are usually potty trained faster than boys

F; Bowel control first

T/F: Bladder control is developed before bowel control

2-5 years

At what ages do language development most rapidly occur

21-24 months

At what age do children start using possessives, progressives, questions, and negatives

3 y/o

At what age do children understand the ide of “mine” and “his”

4 y/o

At what age do children start using past tense and tell stories

5 y/o

At what age do children start using future tense and tells a simple story using full sentences

F; Only literal meaning of words

T/F: Preschoolers may already understand figurative speech

Developmental disfluency and Stuttering

This occurs due to rapid acquisition of language due to the activation of cortical, sensory, and cerebellar areas

8 y/o

At what age does stuttering usually resolve?

Speech

Term used to describe the production of intelligible sounds and pertains to fluency and articulation

Language

This term encompasses both receptive and expressive function and is linked to both cognitive and emotional development

Dialogic Reading

This is the process of reading aloud with a young child and is ideal for language learning

Deafness

What must first be ruled out when there is language delay?

Private Speech

This is a self-directed speech in children that plays a critical part in behavior regulation

3-4 y/o

“I can understand who, what, where, and why questions”

What age am I?

4-5 y/o

“I can listen to a short story and answer simple questions about it”

What age am I?

4-5 y/o

“I can use sentences that include details”

What age am I?

4-5 y/o

“I can tell stories that stick to a topic”

What age am I?

Does not verbally respond or does not nod/shake head when asked

Identify a red flag for receptive language in a 30-month old child

Does not use unique 2-word phrases

Identify a red flag for expressive language in a 30-month old child

Does not follow 2-step commands or Does not understand prepositions or verbs

Identify a red flag for receptive language in a 36-month old child

Vocabulary of <200 words, Echolalia, and does not ask for things

Identify a red flag for expressive language in a 36-month old child

Animism

This type of thinking seen in preschoolers where the attribute motivations to inanimate objects and events

Preoperational (Preschool)

Case: A child pointed at a taller, narrower glass instead of the shorter, wider glass when asked which glass has more water despite there being an equal amount of water.

Question: What cognitive stage is the child currently in and what developmental stage does this occur in?

3 y/o

At what age have children already self-identified their sex

<2 y/o

Solitary play occurs at what age?

2 y/o

Parallel Play occurs at what age?

2-3 y/o

Imitation of common experiences in play occurs at which age?

3-4 y/o

Scenarios involving singular events in play occurs at which age?

4-5 y/o

Creation of scenarios that have only been imagined in play occurs at which age?

3 y/o

Cooperative play occurs at what age?

2-3 y/o

In play, what age do children learn about early rules suck as asking instead of just merely taking

3-4 y/o

In play, what age do children begin to change rules according to the desire of players