monosaccaride classification

aldose sugars

the first carbon has an aldehyde

ketose sugars

the second carbon is a ketone

D Fisher Projection

the position of the hydroxyl group at the terminal position or the chiral center furthest from the first carbon is on the right

L Fisher Projection

the position of the hydroxyl group at the terminal position or the chiral center furthest from the first carbon is on the left

D-glucose

D-fructose

D-ribose

epimers

change occurs at one chiral center

D and L are enantimers

flip the stereochemistry at every carbon

substituents on the left go…

up or above the plane

substituents on the right go…

down or below the plane

anomeric carbon

the carbon that was the carbonyl, has the same oxidation state

• only carbon in a cyclic structure that is bonded to two oxygen

alpha monosaccaride

CH2OH is on different side as the reactive OH

beta monosaccaride

CH2OH is on the same side as the reactive OH