Word History Scientific Revolution / Enlightenment All Notes

why did he only give us a heads up 2 days in advance

Nicolaus Copernicus was a _______ and came up with ________

astronomer, heliocentric theory

What is heliocentric theory

“sun centered”

Johannes Kepler did ______________? and said what

backed Copernicus, “planets orbits are elliptical”

Galileo Galilei discovered _______ (2) and built ________

law of motion & Jupiter’s 4 moons, telescope

Galileo got into trouble with the _______ during the _______, how did it affect him?

church, Spanish Inquisition, had to denounce the book he wrote (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems)

Scientific Method and steps (4)

logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas, observation & hypothesis & analyzing data & interpretation

Francis Bacon was a ________(2) and came up with _________

politician & writer, empiricism (experimental method, meaning you draw conclusions from experiments)

Rene Descartes was from ______, linked ___to___ and ___to___, said ______

France, algebra to geometry & mathematics to logic, everything should be doubted until proven with reason

Isaac Newton was from ______, known for ______, thought the universe was ______

England, law of gravity, a giant clock made by God

Scholars began to challenge ______ (3) during the time of ______

science & religion & gov’t, Enlightenment

Ideas were based off of ______ (2)

rational thought and understanding

Salons definition, what did they do there

informational meetings for philosophers in France, exchange 3 debate ideas

4 basic questions:

1. what natural law governs the way people should live?

2. how well do our institutions agree with natural law?

3. does natural law give all people certain rights?

4. what is the best form of government?

Thomas Hobbes’s question, opinion on humans

what is the basis of social order?, people were naturally selfish and couldn’t be trusted to make decisions good for society

Thomas Hobbes view on gov’t, published the book ______

thought it was in place to protect people from each other, Leviathan

John Locke observation, opinion on humans

denied the divine right of kings, people were born as a blank slate

John Locke view on gov’t (3) and natural rights (3)

thought it people gave the gov’t power in exchange for rights, was in place to protect people’s natural rights (life, liberty, property), gov’t should be overthrown if it failed at its job

Baron de Montesquieu observation and thoughts for solution

too much power in the hands of any one person/group will lead to tyranny, divide power into 3 groups

3 groups of gov’t

1. Legislative - congress - make laws

2. Executive - president - enforce laws

3. Judicial - supreme court - interpret laws

Voltaire observation and supported ______ (2)

freedom of thought and expression is the only way to fight oppression, religious tolerance & free speech

Cesare Beccaria observation (2) and supported ______ (2 + term)

studied criminology & crime/punishment, no torture & no capital punishment (called rights for the accused)

Enlightenment thinking influenced ______ and inspired revolutions in ______ (2)

Europe, America & France

Women in the ______ spread ideas about ______

1700s, rights and equality for women

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote ______ and spread ideas on ______ (3)

A Vindication of the Rights of Women, equal education, rights, and politics

Reasons women didn’t benefit during the time (3)

1. lack of opportunities

2. views of society

3. views of men (famous misogynistic men, Rousseau was an anti-feminist man)

Women didn’t get equality on things like ______ (4)

education, rights, property owning, voting