CAIE AS Level Psychology Four Psychological Approaches Free Notes & Study Groups - ZNotes

What are the main assumptions of the biological approach in psychology?

Behaviour, cognitions, and emotions can be explained in terms of the working of the brain and the effect of hormones, genetics, and evolution, with individual differences understood through biological factors and their interactions.

What is the full title and publication year of the sleep and dreaming study by Dement and Kleitman?

"The Relation of Eye Movements During Sleep to Dream Activity: An Objective Method for the Study of Dreaming" (1957).

What are the four sleep stages of non-rapid eye movement (nREM) sleep described in the Dement and Kleitman transcript?

N1: Light sleep, N2: Moderate sleep, N3: Deep sleep/slow-wave, and REM: Rapid eye movement.

What are ultradian rhythms as defined in the context of sleep research?

Activity cycles that occur almost every 90 minutes and are responsible for the different stages of sleep experienced.

How did the functions of EEG and EOG differ in the Dement and Kleitman study?

The EEG monitored and recorded brain electrical activity, whereas the EOG allowed electrical recording of eye movement patterns, their presence/absence, size, and direction (vertical or horizontal).

What was the sample size and breakdown for the study by Dement and Kleitman?

7 adult males and 2 adult females (9 total), where 5 were studied intensively and 4 were used minimally to confirm results.

What were the exact dream recall percentages for REM vs. nREM awakenings in Dement and Kleitman's study?

Participants recalled dreams in 79.6% of REM awakenings (152/191) compared to only 6.9% of nREM awakenings (11/160).

How accurately did participants estimate whether they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 minutes in Dement and Kleitman's study?

Participants had 88% accuracy after 5 minutes of dreaming and 78% accuracy after 15 minutes of dreaming.

Which specific eye movement patterns corresponded to visual dream content in Dement and Kleitman's findings?

Vertical movements corresponded to climbing a ladder and looking down (3 dreams); horizontal movements corresponded to watching people throw tomatoes (1 dream); 10 dreams had little/no movement, and 21 had mixed movements.

Which participant was deceived in Dement and Kleitman's study and why?

Participant WD was misled about whether he was woken in the nREM or REM stage to limit demand characteristics.

What is the full title and publication year of the study by Hassett et al.?

"Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children" (2008).

What was the sample composition for the monkey toy preference study by Hassett et al.?

21 male and 61 female rhesus monkeys living in natal groups at the Yerkes primate research station in the USA.

Which specific toys were classified as wheeled and plush in the study by Hassett et al.?

Wheeled toys (6): wagon, truck, car, shopping cart. Plush toys (7): teddy bear, Koala hand puppet.

What mean amount of time did male rhesus monkeys spend with wheeled vs. plush toys in Hassett et al.?

Male rhesus monkeys spent 201.5 seconds with wheeled toys and 60.2 seconds with plush toys.

What mean amount of time did female rhesus monkeys spend with wheeled vs. plush toys in Hassett et al.?

Female rhesus monkeys spent 89.8 seconds with wheeled toys and 172.1 seconds with plush toys.

How did social hierarchy rank relate to toy interactions in Hassett et al.?

Rank on the social hierarchy was positively correlated with the total frequency of interactions.

What is the full title and publication year of the mindfulness study by Hölzel et al.?

"Mindfulness practice to increase regional brain grey matter density" (2011).

What were the sample sizes and mean ages for the experimental and control groups in Hölzel et al.?

Experimental group: 16 participants (7 Males, 9 Females) with a mean age of 38 years; Control group: 17 participants (11 Males, 6 Females) with a mean age of 39 years.

Why were two male participants excluded from the experimental group final count in Hölzel et al.?

They withdrew from the original 18 experimental participants due to discomfort.

What questionnaire was used to measure mindfulness in Hölzel et al., and how many items did it contain?

The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), which contained 39 questions across five subscales.

What was the average time gap between MRI scans for both groups in the Hölzel et al. study?

An average gap of 56 days for the experimental group and 66 days for the control group.

What specific region of interest (ROI) showed increases in grey matter concentration for the MBSR group in Hölzel et al.?

The Left Hippocampus showed increases in grey matter concentration between pre- and post-stages in the MBSR group.

Which four clusters of the brain showed significant grey matter increase in the whole-brain analysis by Hölzel et al.?

Posterior cingulate cortex, left temporoparietal junction, and two parts of the cerebellum.

On which three FFMQ subscales did MBSR participants significantly increase their scores in Hölzel et al.?

Acting with awareness, observing, and non-judging.

What limitation decreased internal validity regarding homework completion in Hölzel et al.?

There was a lack of correlation between grey matter changes and the time spent on mindfulness exercise homework, suggesting the exercises may not have directly caused the brain changes.