Bio Exam 3 Part 2

Fermentation

After Glycolysis, if there is not enough oxygen, pyruvate enters the _ process

ethanol, CO2, lactic acid

what are 3 products of fermentation?

Lactic Acid

causes sore muscles, also can be found in yogurt, kimchi or saurkraut

Photosynthesis

_ is fundamental as it provides food that is the base of the entire food chain

Photosynthesis

Due to _, we have oxygen in our atmosphere

plants, some protists, cyanobacteria

Who uses photosynthesis?

Autotrophs

Make their own food (producer level)

Hetertrophs

Organisms that eat other organisms for food

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesis happens in the _

outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, granum, thylakoid

5 parts of cholorplast

Chlorophyll

pigment molecule within the cholorplast that captures light energy

blue and red

Chlorophyll captures _ and _ wavelengths of light

green

Chlorophyll reflects _ wavelengths

proteins on thylakoid membrane

Complete the sentence: Chlorophyll is in the _ _ _ _

Carbon Cycle

movement of CO2 in and out of the atmosphere via photosynthesis and respiration

Carbon Fixation

Taking up of CO2 by plants

development, grown of organism, repairing damage and cell replacement

What are the 4 reasons for cell division?

Mitosis

division of somatic cells that produces an EXACT copy of the genome(DNA)

somatic

_ cells: body cells (everything but gamates)

germ

_ cells: cells that produce gametes (sperm and egg)

Meiosis

division of germ cells to make gametes. These are genetically different from initial germ cells In

Different

In Meiosis, the ending germ cells are _ from the original

Same

In Mitosis, somatic cells are _ from the original

cancer

uncontrolled cell division

chromosome

wrapped up DNA that is visible in the nucleus

Histone proteins

In Chromosomes, the DNA is wrapped around _ _

46 , 23

Humans have a total of _ chromosomes. _ from each parent

Karyotype

Picture of an individuals chromosomes arranged by size

1-22

#_ are autosomes

23

#_ are sex chromosomes

Diploid

two copes of each chromosomes. Somatic Cells, one paternal and one maternal

2n

Another way to write a diploid

haploid

one copy of each chromosome, Gametes

homologous chromosome

pair of one paternal and one maternal chromosome with genes that code fro a particular trait, but may be different versions of that gene

e.g. hair color, eye color

Sister Chromatids

(after DNA replication) exact copies of a chromosome, identical genes

Sister chromatids

_ _ will separate and each go into a newly divided cell

centromere

Sister chromatids are bound in the _ region

Cohesion Proteins

holds sister chromatids together, think “molecular glue”

Kinetochore

Point where sister chromatids are pulled apart

Microtubules

_ works as pulling ropes to serperate sister chromatids

cell cycle

life of the cell from the time it divides until it divides again

Interphase and Mitotic phase

Cell cycle is made of what two phases

Interphase

During _, the cell is doing its cell job, making protiens

G1

primary growth phase of cell, Interphase

S

DNA replication, centrosomes duplicate, Interphase

G2

Organelles replicate , interphase

G1, S, G2

3 parts of Interphase

Chromatin

DNA is uncondensed as _

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitotic (M) phase is made of what 2 parts?

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What are the 5 parts of Mitosis?

PPMAT

What is the abbreviation for the 5 steps of Mitosis

Mitosis

During the Mitotic phase, _ is the division of the nucleus

cytokinesis

division of cytoplasm

Centrosomes

Situate themselves at the poles of the cell, with spindles that eventually pull apart the sister chromatids

Prophase

In this phase, chromatin starts to condense and the nuclear envelope begins to break down

Prometaphase

In this phase, chromatin fully condenses into chromosomes. Microtubules attach to chromosomes at kinetochore. Each sister chromatid connects to opposite pole

Metaphase

In this phase, chromosomes align along the equator (metaphase plate) of the cellWha

Metaphase plate

Another name for the equator of the cell

Anaphase

In this phase, microtubules pull each sister chromatid to opposite sides of the cell

Telophase

In this phase, chromosomes are decondensed back into chromatin. 2 serperate nuclei form

Cytokinesis, late telophase

During this second part of the Mitotic phase, cell divides into two (division of cytoplasm). Begins in _ _

cleavage furrow

When animal cells divide, they form a _ _

Cell plate

When plant cells form, a _ _ is formed from vessicles

G0

_ Phase: non-dividing stage - either temporary or permanent

mature cardiac or nerve cells

what two types of cells are included in the G0 phase

G1/S, G2/M, and M

What are the 3 checkpoints of the cell cycle

G1/S

this checkpoint checks for DNA damage, mutations and mistakes. It will either try to fix the problem or signal for cell death

P53

The protein that is in charge of G1/S checkpoint

Apoptosis

Cell death. Called for in G1/S checkpoint if mistake in DNA cannot be fixed

tumor supressor

P53 protein is also called the _ _ protein

P53

_ gene is most often mutated in cancers

G2/M

In this checkpoint, the cell checks that DNA replication is complete. Checks for centrosome replication and makes sure that cell is ready to divide

M

In this checkpoint, the cell makes sure that sister chromatids are correctly attached at microtubules, one to each pole

Spindle

Another name for the M checkpoint is the _ checkpoint. Happens at the late metaphase of mitosis

Cancer

disease of uncontrolled cell division

cells divide indefinitely, failure of cell control, no anchorage dependency, no density dependency

4 aspects of cancer (In terms of cell fuction)

anchorage dependency

term used to say that cell doesn’t stay in place

density dependency

term used to say that cells grow over each other and out of where they are supposed to be

Mutation

In genes that regulate the cell cycle- that inhibit or stimulate cell division

Carcinogen

cancer-causing mutations in DNA

Radiation, toxins, pollution, some viruses

4 groups of known carcinogens

Accumulation

the _ of mutations leads to cancer