axial bones

AXIAL SKELETON

skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

SKULL

cranial bones, facial bones, and associated structures

1. cranial bones

frontal,ethmoid,occipital,sphenoid,parietal,temporal

a. frontal bone

i. supraorbital foramen

b. ethmoid bone

i. crista galli

little line between the spongy looking bone

ii. cribiform plate

forms the roof of the nasal cavity and features many tiny holes

c. occipital bone

back bottom

i. occipital condyles

ii. foramen magnum

d. sphenoid bone

resemble a bat with its wings spread

i. greater wings

project laterally from the sphenoid body forming parts of the middle cranial fossa and the orbit

ii. lesser wings

horn-shaped lesser wings form part of the anterior cranial fossa

iii. sella turcica

saddle shaped prominence

iv. foramen spinosum

v. foramen ovale

vi. foramen rotundum

vii. optic canal

e. parietal bones

f. temporal bones

i. zygomatic process

ii. external acoustic meatus

iii. internal acoustic meatus

iv. mandibular fossa

2. facial bones

a. vomer

b. nasal bones

c. maxilla(e)

i. infraorbital foramen

d. zygomatic bones

i. temporal process

e. palatine bones

f. mandible

i. body

ii. ramus

iii. mental foramen

iv. mandibular foramen

g. other cranial foramina

jugular foramen and carotid canal

i. jugular foramen

ii. carotid canal

h. cranial sutures

i. coronal

ii. sagittal

iii. squamosal

iv. lambdoidal

i. fontanels

. anterior

ii. posterior

iii. anterolateral

iv. posterolateral

i. anterior

ii. posterior

iii. anterolateral

iv. posterolateral

j. hyoid bone

VERTEBRAL COLUMN

1. vertebral structures (found in a single, “typical” vertebra)

a. body

b. spinous process

c. transverse processes

longer wings

d. vertebral foramen

e. intervertebral foramen

f. superior articulating processes

g. inferior articulating processes

h. pedicles

i. lamina

2. cervical vertebrae (vertebra and structures only found in the cervical region)

a. atlas

flat top

b. axis

c. transverse foramina

two holes

3. thoracic vertebrae (structures only found in the thoracic region)

a. demifacets

b. costal facets

4. lumbar vertebrae

5. sacrum

6. coccygeal vertebrae

7. spinal curves (normal)

a. cervical

b. thoracic

c. lumbar

d. sacral

a. cervical

b. thoracic

c. lumbar

d. sacral

8. spinal curves (pathological)

a. lordosis

b. kyphosis

hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curvature

c. scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of more than 10 degrees, occurs most often in thoracic region

THORACIC CAGE

1. ribs

a. head

b. neck

c. tubercle

d. angle

e. groove

2. sternum

a. manubrium

b. body

c. xiphoid process

d. jugular notch

e. costal notches

a. manubrium

b. body

c. xiphoid process

d. jugular notch

e. costal notches