hearing science

what is mass

the amount of matter in a object

how does mass affect sound?

greater mass makes an object harder to move and lowers the frequency. Less mass higher frequency

what is elasticity

its ability to return to its original state after being disturbed

how does stiffness affect sound?

greater stiffness causes higher frequency, less stiffness causes lower frequency

what is density

the amount of matter in a given volume

what happens to density when the same mass is spread over a larger volume?

density decreases

how is sound generated

sound is generated when an object vibrates, creating disturbances that can travel through a medium

how do mass and stiffness affect sound generation?

they affect how easily and how quickly an object vibrates, which affects the frequency/pitch of the sound

what is sound propagation

the travel or transmission of sound energy through a medium

how do physical properties affect sound propagation?

properties such as mass and stiffness affect how vibrations and energy are transmitted through a medium

what is distance

the actual path length traveled from one point to another

what is displacement

the direct change in position from point A to point B, regardless of the path taken

what is speed?

how fast an object is moving, without direction

what is velocity?

the rate of change in displacement, including direction

what is acceleration?

the rate of change in velocity

what are three ways an object can accelerate?

It can speed up, slow down, or change direction

what is force?

an interaction between two objects or between an object and its environment that can change motion

what is the unit of force?

newton (N)

what is inertia

an object’s resistance to a change in it’s current state of motion

which law of motion defines inertia?

newton’s first law

what are the two states associated with inertia?

at rest and in motion

what is newton’s first law

an object will remain at rest or continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force

what is newton’s second law?

an object’s acceleration depends on the force applied and its mass

what happens if force increases while mass stays the same?

acceleration increases

what happens if mass increases?

more force is needed to produce the same acceleration

what is newton’s third law?

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

give an example of newton’s third law

if a dog pulls you forward on a leash, you exert an

opposing force on the dog/leash

what is equilibrium

a state of balance or stability where an object’s state of motion does not change

what is the net force during equilibrium?

zero

does equilibrium mean there are no forces acting on an object

no, forces can still be acting on the object, but they cancel each other out, resulting in a net force of zero

what is gravity

the force of attraction between objects that have mass

what does the law of universal gravitation state?

every object in the universe attracts every other object through gravitational force

what does gravitational force depend on

the masses of the objects and the distance between them

how does mass affect gravity

greater mass —> stronger gravitational attraction

how does distance affect gravity?

greater distance—> weaker gravitational attraction

what is weight

the force of gravity acting on an object

what is the difference between mass and weight

mass is the amount of matter; weight is the gravitational force acting on that mass

what is momentum

the product of an object’s mass and velocity

what must be applied to change momentum

force

what is the law of conservation of momentum

the total momentum of a system remains constant unless an external force acts on it

what happens during a collision

momentum can be transferred between objects

what is energy

the ability or capability to do work

what is work

the transfer of energy that occurs when a force causes an object to move

what is the relationship between work and energy

doing work involves using or transferring energy

what is the potential energy

stored energy that has the potential to do work

what is kinetic energy

the energy of motion

what is the difference between potential and kinetic energy

potential energy is stored, while kinetic energy is energy associated with motion

what is the law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created or destroyed, can only be converted from one form to another

what is power

the rate of which work is done or energy is transferred

what is the relationship between power and work?

power tells you how quickly work is completed. the same amount of work done in less time requires more power

what is an osscillation?

a back-and-forth movement around a point of equilibrium caused by the interaction between inertia and the force of gravity

How does inertia and gravity keep a pendulum moving?

Inertia causes the pendulum to continue moving, while gravity eventually stops it and pulls it in the opposite direction.

what is the difference between an ossification and a vibration?

both are back and forth movements around equilibrium. an oscillation involves inertia and gravity, while a vibration involves inertia and elasticity

what is equilibrium

the balance/resting position, although a moving object can pass through equilibrium

why does the pendulum swing back and forth when it is displaced?

inertia causes it to continue moving, while gravity pulls it back and eventually changes it’s direction

what is maximum displacement

the point where the pendulum is farthest from equilibrium

what happens at maximum displacement

the pendulum momentarily stops, has minimum velocity, maximum acceleration, and maximum potential energy

where does a pendulum have maximum velocity

at equilibrium, because it is moving through the middle at its greatest speed

where does a pendulum have minimum velocity

at maximum displacement, where it momentarily stops before changing direction

what is acceleration

the rate of change in velocity

where does the pendulum experience maximum acceleration

at maximum displacement, where the velocity is changing the most as it slows down and changes direction

where does a pendulum experience minimum acceleration

at equilibrium, where the pendulum have maximum velocity

what is the relationship between velocity and acceleration in the pendulum

when velocity is at it’s maximum, acceleration is minimum

where is potential energy greatest in the pendulum

at maximum displacement, where the pendulum momentarily stops

where is kinetic energy greatest in the pendulum?

where the pendulum has maximum velocity

explain how potential and kinetic energy change as a pendulum moves

At maximum displacement, the pendulum has mostly potential energy. As it moves toward equilibrium, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. At equilibrium, kinetic energy is greatest. As it moves toward the opposite maximum displacement, kinetic energy is converted back into potential energy.

what is sinusoidal motion

motion that follows a sine-wave pattern

why is the pendulum’s motion considered sinusoidal

because it’s a back and fourth movement can be represented by a sine wave

what is periodic motion

motion that follows a predictable and repeatable pattern

what is a cycle

one complete repetition of a periodic motion

what does a waveform represent

a visual representation of the movement/displacement of a sound wave over time

what is internal friction

resistance within the object/system itself that causes energy to be lost over time

why does the pendulum eventually stop

The pendulum is doing work and using energy as it moves. Internal friction causes energy to be lost, so the pendulum’s swings become smaller until it eventually stops.

how are energy and work related to the pendulum?

As the pendulum moves, it is doing work and using energy. Because energy is gradually lost through internal friction, the pendulum eventually stops.