UNIT 7 REVIEW HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

Created in 2023 for P. Hammond's AP Human Geography course.

Gross National Product (GNP)

the value of goods produced and services provided by a country during one year, equal to GDP + net income from foreign investments (7.1)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, not accounting for money that leaves and enters the country (7.1)

Gross National Income (GNI)

the value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, **including** money that leaves and enters the country (7.1)

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

a composite index to measure gender disparity on a scale from 0 to 1; how much is lost due to inequality by examining reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation of women (7.1)

Gini Coefficient

measures the distribution of income within a population ranging from 1 to 0, zero being full equality (7.1)

Human Development Index (HDI)

combines GNI per capita with social measures such as life expectancy and average education level; popular

Rostow’s Stages of Development

*simliar to the DTM, but focused on economics instead of population* (7.1)

__stage 1__: traditional society – depends on primary sector and subsistence (no country today; English colonies in NA in 1600s)

__stage 2__: pre-condition for take-off – improved infrastructure and farming (Guatemala; USA in early 1800s)

__stage 3__: take-off – industrialization and urbanization begin (Bangladesh; USA in the mid 1800s)

__stage 4__: drive to maturity – new industry, improved energy/transport/communication, and investments in social infrastructure (Brazil; USA in late 1800s)

__stage 5__: high mass consumption – consumerism, egalitarian societal desire, and strong tertiary sector (Japan 1950s to now; USA mid 1950s to now)

Dependency Theory

a theory that describes the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationship poorer countries have with richer countries (7.1)

Commodity Dependence

an aspect of dependency theory that occurs when more than 60% of a country’s exports and economic health are tied to one or two resources (7.1)

Sustainable Development

any economic development that meets the needs of people today without making it harder for people in the future to live well (7.1)

Ecotourism

responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education (7.1)

Diffusion Pattern of Industrialization

England → continental Europe and USA → Japan → nearly global (7.2)

Fordism

mass production on an assembly

__pros__: the speed of production, costs plummeted

__cons__: workers did the same task all day, lack of variety in the product (7.2)

Post-Fordism

adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks; low-skilled workers replaced by machines if they could not be literate with computers (7.2)

Economic Sectors

__primary sector__: extracting natural resources – farming, mining, forestry, fishing

__secondary sector__: processing natural resources – manufacturing

__tertiary sector__: providing services – marketing, banking, design

*4th and 5th are related to 3rd, but reflect increased levels of knowledge and power*

__quaternary sector__: knowledge-based – computer programmers, university researchers

__quinary sector__: decision-makers – government officials, CEOs (7.2)

Formal Sector

businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitoring, and protection, and are also taxed (7.2)

Informal Sector

any part of a country’s economy that is outside of government monitoring or regulation; “under the table” or “off the books” economy (7.2)

Multiplier Effect

the expansion of an area’s economy as a result of the industries located there

Technopole

a hub for information-based industry and high-tech manufacturing; close spatial location of multiple companies and universities allows for the sharing of certain services (agglomeration) and attracting highly skilled workers (7.2)

Backwash

an unwanted side-effect of technopoles where some communities might be stripped of highly educated individuals drawn to growth poles (brain drain) (7.2)

Brownfields

sites of abandoned factories or other buildings; most buildings are torn down becoming empty brownfields or redeveloped into apartments, restaurants, recreational facilities, or boutiques (7.2)

Rust Belt

the northeast United States due to the impression of old, abandoned, and rusting buildings (7.2)

Weber’s Least Cost Theory

theory to explain where businesses decide to locate factories based upon how easily they can minimize costs through:


1. minimizing transportation costs
2. minimizing labor costs
3. maximizing agglomeration economies (7.3)

Agglomeration

the spatial grouping of several businesses to share costs like infrastructure, work force, and education (7.3)

Bulk-Reducing vs. Bulk-Gaining Industry

(7.3)

Break-of-Bulk Point

location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units before shipping them forward; often where the mode of transportation is changed as well (7.3)

Economy of Scale

the reduced cost of producing food items as the quantity of production increases; if fixed costs are spread out over many units of production, the return on investment is greater because the fixed costs remain the same (7.3)

Export Processing Zones

physical spaces within a country where special regulations benefit foreign-controlled businesses; the hosting country often offers significant tax breaks to entice foreign companies

EX: maquiladoras in Mexico; free zones in the Dominican Republic; special economic zones (SEZs) in China (7.3)

Containerization

a revolution in modern economics, transportation, and shipping where products are transported in shipping containers for easier movement (7.3)

Footloose Business

a business that can be easily packed up and relocated at any time

EX: call centers (7.3)

Outsourcing

when companies move their operations overseas to take advantage of business conditions, like lower wages, lower benefits, less environmental laws, less worker rights, tax breaks, etc (7.3)

Just-In-Time Industry

shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed; prevents waste, buildup of warehouse stock, and time inefficiency (7.3)

Comparative Advantage

the ability of an individual, company, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than its competition (7.3)

Complementarity

the notion that you should trade with those that have comparative advantage in other areas (7.3)

Microloans

NGOs extend small amounts of credit to entrepreneurs who would not normally qualify for a loan; majority of microloans are taken out by poor women predominantly in South Asia and South America (7.3)