Liquid Dosage Forms Flashcards

A comprehensive collection of vocabulary-style flashcards covering monophasic and biphasic liquid dosage forms, their definitions, and key pharmaceutical concepts as presented in the lecture.

Liquid Dosage Forms

Pharmaceutical products involving a mixture of active drug components and excipients in liquid form, intended for administration or consumption.

Syrup

Concentrated aqueous preparations containing $60\%$ to $85\%$ sucrose, used with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.

Elixirs

Clear, aromatic, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use, with an alcohol content typically ranging from $5\%$ to $40\%$.

Linctuses

Viscous, liquid oral preparations, such as Codeine Linctus, generally prescribed for the relief of cough.

Gargles

Aqueous solutions containing antiseptics, antibiotics, or anesthetics used to treat throat infections; they are usually concentrated and require dilution with warm water.

Mouthwash

Aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odor used to clean and deodorize the buccal cavity, often possessing antiseptic and astringent activity.

Throat paints

Viscous liquid preparations, often using glycerin as a base to adhere to the mucosa, used for mouth and throat infections.

Douches

Medicated aqueous solutions directed against a part or into a body cavity (such as eyes, ears, or nasal cavities) for cleansing or antiseptic purposes.

Enemas

Aqueous or oily solutions introduced into the rectum and colon via the anus for cleansing, therapeutic, or diagnostic purposes.

Liniments

Alcoholic or oily liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin with rubbing to relieve pain and stiffness.

Lotions

Topical liquid or semi-liquid preparations with low to medium viscosity intended for application to unbroken skin without friction.

Collodions

Highly flammable syrupy solutions of pyroxylin dissolved in ether and alcohol that dry to form a clear tenacious film on the skin.

Inversion

The process where sucrose is hydrolyzed into dextrose and fructose (invert sugar) during heating, which can lead to the darkening of a solution.

Mucilages

Thick, viscid, adhesive liquids produced by dispersing gums like acacia or tragacanth in water, used as suspending agents.

Emulsion

A thermodynamically unstable system consisting of at least two immiscible liquid phases, where one is dispersed as globules in the other and stabilized by an emulsifying agent.

HLB System

The Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance system, which uses an arbitrary scale of $1$ to $18$ to assist in selecting the proper amount and type of surfactants for stable products.

Suspension

A coarse dispersion where an internal phase of insoluble solid particles is dispersed uniformly throughout an external liquid phase.

Flocculated suspension

A suspension where particles form loose aggregates (flocs), resulting in rapid sedimentation but easy redispersion upon shaking.

Deflocculated suspension

A suspension where individual particles settle slowly, which can lead to the formation of a hard, difficult-to-disperse 'cake' or 'claying'.

Zeta Potential

The difference in potential between the surface of the tightly bound layer (shear plane) and the electro-neutral region of the solution.

Nanosuspensions

Biphasic colloidal dispersions of pure drug particles with a diameter less than $1\,\mu m$, stabilized by surfactants without matrix materials.

Stoke's equation

The mathematical formula used to express the velocity of sedimentation ($v_{sed.}$) of spherical particles in a dilute suspension.

Humectants

Substances such as propylene glycol or glycerol added to suspensions to absorb moisture and prevent the degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Ophthalmic Inserts

Sterile solid or semi-solid preparations of suitable size and shape designed to be inserted into the conjunctival sac for a medicinal effect.

In situ soap method

A preparation method for emulsions where soaps (like calcium oleate) are developed through the simple mixing of oil (containing fatty acids) and an alkali (like lime water).