Unit 1 Study Guide Review 1. Anatomy = study the structures (ex: names/locations of bones) Physiology = study the functions (ex: how bones heal) Both are needed to understand the body 2. Homeostasis = maintaining stable body conditions; controlled using feedback systems 3. During exercise = heart rate increased After exercise = heart rate decreased Negative feedback was used to return the heart back to its normal resting rate 4. Chemical = oxygen Cell = muscle cell Tissue = muscle tissue Organ = stomach Organ system = digestive system Organism = human 5. Frontal = divides body into front and back Transverse = divides body into top and bottom Midsagittal = divides body into left and right 6. Responsiveness = waking up to an alarm, feeling hungry after smelling food Differentiation = cells are assigned a specific function Growth = children's bones increase in length/size as they age Reproduction = having a bebé Movement = picking up a cup to take a drink Metabolism =digesting food to obtain energy 7. The elbow is proximal to the wrist The toes are distal to the ankle The heart is medial to the lungs The ears are lateral to the nose The stomach is superior to the bladder The heart is inferior to the brain The muscle is superficial to the bones The muscle is deep to the skin The eyes are anterior to the brain The spine is posterior to the collarbone 8. Receptor =picks up info about the body (ex: blood pressure) Control Center = decides if action is needed (ex: lower blood pressure) Effector = takes action (ex: increases width of blood vessels to lessen pressure) 9. Front = frontal,anterior, ventral Back = posterior, dorsal 10. Negative Feedback = reverses a change in the body; most commonly used; ex: lowering blood sugar back to normal after a meal Positive feedback = increases a change in the body; used for emergency/special situations; ex: increasing the frequency and strength of contractions during childbirth 11. Face upright, palms forward (supine), weight even on both feet, arms slightly away from body 12. Cephalic (head), Cervical (neck), upper limb (arm), trunk (torso), lower limb (leg) 13. Sweat (will cool the body) 14. Shiver (will warm the body) 15. More oxygen and nutrients need to be delivered to muscles quickly and carbon dioxide removed; increased heart rate allows for this 16. People with better cardiovascular health will return to resting heart rate after exercise more quickly due to conditioning and a stronger heart

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll

A green pigment found in plants that is essential for photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration

The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat from its surroundings.

Exothermic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy in the form of heat.

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.

pH Scale

A scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

Catalyst

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing any permanent chemical change itself.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria are organelles that produce energy in the form of ATP through respiration.