Gilded age-Industrial revolution

How does I.M. Singer’s invention of the sewing machine change the industry especially for

Women?

Make more clothes-easier job-more money-produce more

Why would an inventor want to get a patent? How would this protect him/her?

Prevents others from copying or selling the invention - grants exclusive rights to profit from the invention

The ___________________ railroad in the west joined the ___________ railroad in

the east at Promontory Point Utah. What were some of the greatest challenges with the

building of this railroad?

Central Pacific—————Union Pacific

Extreme Terrain, harsh weather, hazardous working conditions, land conflicts, transporting supplies

How did the Telegraph work?

It used electrical currents between two stations--Morse code

Thomas Edison invented the Phonograph. How did this invention work?

Plays sound waves into physical grooves--traces grooves back into physical vibrations

How did he make the lightbulb work? How does this revolutionize cities?

Electrical current through a thin, high-resistance filament--glass bulb--air removed to create a vacuum----Factories can run 24/7--safer(not burning candles)--can see

What is the Bessemer Process? How does this effect mass production of steel?

Raw iron ore (metal+dirt)-- liquefy-- blast furnace-no impurities-----Able to make hundreds of tons a day

Where is the Brooklyn Bridge? What were challenges in constructing this bridge?

New York City----Building pillars-getting down to base of river-dangerous

Why is Andrew Carnegie’s story of success so awesome? Explain.

Scottish immigrant (he, mom, dad)-dad never got a job- mom works garment factory (very poor pay)- overall poor---------works for a telegraph company-Pullman sleeping car ---- buys+builds Carnegie Steel-paid workers poorly!-strikes, no sympathy---------philanthropy: gave 250 million away!

What is the Standard Oil Trust? How does John D. Rockefeller control the oil industry?

Broke up Standard Oil because of monopoly--smaller companies still part of Standard Oil-- still controlled by Rockefeller

Labor Unions: AFL and Knights of Labor: What did each attempt to do?

Knights of Labor(unite ALL workers; demand 8 hour work day) 

American Federation of Labor(organize skilled craft workers-higher wages-shorter hours-safer working conditions) 

Workers mad because of cut wages + terrible working conditions---wanted to create better working conditions-better wages

Labor Strikes: What were the root causes of the Pullman, Homestead and RR Strikes? Why were people so upset and why did these get out of hand?

root causes: slashed wages-long hours-dangerous conditions-

business owners refused to negotiate-federal troops-violent-destruction-panic

What is the Gilded Age

1870s-1900s: extreme wealth,  prosporous growth?—- deep poverty,corruption, labor exploitation

Laissez Faire

Economic term-“hands off”-government doesn’t interfere or regulate business practices

Subsidy

Financial aid/land grants-given by government to private companies-encourage development- ex: railroads

Civil Service

government administration jobs, reform efforts, sought to end spoils system-merit based hiring

Ellis Island

primary immigration processing station-East coast-mostly european immigrants

Angel Island

primary immigration processing station-West coast-asian immigrants

Quarantine

isolate arriving immigrants/communities-suspected of carrying diseases

Tenement Housing

multi family- overcrowded-unsanitary apartment buildings-urban factory workers lived

Ghetto

overcrowded urban neighborhoods-dominated by specific immigrant/ethnic minority groups facing economic isolation

Restrictive Covenants

Only ethnic groups can't live in a neighborhood-limit property use

Graft

Using political/public office for illegal personal gain

Political Machine

corrupt party organization-kept power by trading services,jobs and favors for votes from immigrants and the poor

Corruption

illegal/unethical action-public official uses power for personal gain

Spoils System

appointing loyal political supporters to government jobs-regardless of qualifications

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of colored people-civil rights organization-fight racial discrimination-segregation-voting restrictions against black Americans

Plessy vs Ferguson

1896-landmark us supreme court decision-upheld the legality of racial segregation under “separate but equal” principle

Vaudeville

popular style of theatrical entertainment-mix of comedy, song, dance, magic, and novelty acts

Grant

18th pres-enforce southern reconstruction/civil rights-administration was plagued by corruption scandals-led union

Hayes

settled the 1876 election via the compromise-ended reconstruction-removed federal troops from south

Garfield

___Only served for 4 months-assasinated by office seeker-civil service reform

Arthur

___Signed Pendleton Civil Service Act- replaced the corrupt spoils system-merit based hiring system

Cleveland

focused on reducing government corruption, lowering tariffs, and signed Interstate Commerce Act to regulate railroads

Harrison

_Promoted high protective tariffs and signed the Sherman Antitrust Act to combat business monopolies

Cleveland 2 nd term 

Faced severe economic Panic of 1893 and used federal troops to forcefully end the Pullman Strike_

McKinley_

Led the nation through the Spanish-American war exapnding American imperialism oversees before being assasinated__

Immigration Struggles and the process of coming to America.

Immigrants entered through centers like Ellis Island/Angel Island-facing strict medical and legal inspections------Extreme poverty-dangerous tenement housing-low wage job exploitation- intense dislike from the Americans because they were from another country

Reform Efforts: What are 3 of the efforts taken by members of the community to better people’s lives?

Community centers(Jane Addams Hull House) provided immigrants with education, childcare, and healthcare

Churches applied religious ethics to fight urban poverty, establishing shelters, missions, and food programs

Activists organized unions and lobbied for laws to ban child labor and improve safety

Why was literacy and public education so important then and now? How has it changed to be much more complex?

It was used to make the immigrant children accustomed to America and created a reliable workforce then; now it’s used for securing jobs

It has evolved from basic reading and writing into digital, financial, and media literacy

Who are WEB Dubois and Booker T Washington? What was unique about each of their Teachings?

Booker T. Washington- Advocated for a gradual process through vocational training and economic self-reliance rather than immediate integration

WEB Du Bois- Demanded immediate political and social equality, believing an education “Talented Tenth” should lead the civil rights fight

How did Jim Crow Laws affect Blacks during this time period?

Enforced racial segregation in all public spaces, stripped away voting rights via literacy tests and poll taxes, and locked communities into economic inequality using racial violence

How did women’s lives change drastically in the late 1800’s?

Expanded into the factory workforce, gained greater access to higher education, and launched massive political movements fighting for women's suffrage and labor reforms