Exam 1

biochemistry

the study of molecules that comprise living organisms

organic chemistry and microbiology

divisions of science that biochemistry grew out of

Friedrich Wohler

demonstrated that an inorganic chemical could be heated and converted in urea by a simple reaction and no “vital force“ was needed

disproved the theory of vitalism

CH₄N₂O

chemical formula for urea

urea

organic compound excreted in animal urine

vitalism

it was believed by many scientists that all molecules in living organisms required some ______ to be a component of a living organism

organic chemistry

the study of compounds containing carbon

biologists, chemists, and physicists

_____ were involved in creating the field of biochemistry

methane

natural gas is 97-99% _____

C_nH_2n+2

general formula for alkanes

meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, hept-, oct-, non-, dec-

prefixes for alkanes from 1-10

tetrahedral

methane has a ____ structure

perspective drawing

gives the perspective of 3D

alcohols

alkanes can be oxidized up to _____

OH

hydroxyl

R-O-R’

ether

R-C(=O)-H

aldehyde

R-C(=O)-R’

ketone

R-C(=O)-OH

carboxylic acid

R-C(=O)-OR’

ester

NH₂

amine

SH

sulfhydryl

R-C(=O)-NH₂

free amide

R-C(=O)-NH₂-R’

living amide

hydroxyl, ether, ester, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, ketone, sulfhydryl, and free and living amide

what are the functional groups

glycine

the simplest amino acid

carboxyl and amine

amino acids contain a _____ group

glycine

Zwitterionic form of glycine

Zwitterionic

form of glycine in aqueous solution

it’s achiral and doesn’t have an enantiomer

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitter and gamma amino acid

inhibits the transmission of some pain responses

gabapentin

mimics the acitivity of GABA

widely used drug

can be used topically

GABA

gabapentin

lewis structure

only reveals the connectivity between atoms

doesn’t imply 3D structure

valence shell electron pair repulsion (VESPR)

predicts that methane should be a tetrahedral structure which agrees with experimental results

tetrahedral and 109.5

structure and bond angle of sp³

trigonal planar and 120

structure and bond angle of sp²

linear and 180

structure and bond angle of sp

A + B → C + D

general formula for chemical reactions

rate = [A]^m[B]ⁿ

general formula for chemical rate

m and n

______ in chemical reactions are whole numbers that are determined by experiment

equilibrium reactions

chemical reactions that are reversible

equilibrium

when rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse reaction, then the reaction is at…

K_eq = [C]^c[D]^d / [A]^a[B]^b

general equilibrium constant formula

reactants, products

in a chemical reaction, A and B are _____ while C and D are _____

strong, weak

_____ acid = complete dissociation

_____ acid = partial dissociation

HNO₃ (nitric acid) and HCl

examples of strong acid

CH₃COOH (acetic acid)

example of weak acid

SN₁ reaction

E₁ reaction

complex and dynamic, organized and self-sustaining, cellular, information based, and adapts and evolves

characteristics of life

C, H, O, P, N, and S

living organisms are composed of the same elements, mainly…

enzymes

most chemical reactions are catalyzed by…

proteins, ribosomes

almost all enzymes are made of ____, but _____ contain catalytic ribonucleic acid

ribosomes

synthesize proteins

cell

the basic organizational unit of living organisms

prokaryotic and eukaroytic

main categories of cells

polymers of DNA

molecules that store information long-term

polymers of RNA

molecules that store information temporarily to make proteins

mutations

the fundamental process that allows organisms to change

phenotypic changes

mutations with DNA leads to…

amino acids, protein

____ make up ____ which function as catalysts (enzymes) and structural elements

sugars, carbohydrates

____ make up ____ which function as energy and structural elements

fatty acids, lipids

____ make up ____ which function as energy and structure of complex lipids

nucleotides, DNA

____ make up ____ which function as genetic information

nucleotides, RNA

____ make up ____ which function as protein synthesis

unsaturated

fatty acid that has a double bond

saturated

fatty acid that’s only a straight chain

triacylglycerol

lipids are formed from _____ molecules

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

way energy is transferred between cells

ATP

cytosine, uracil, and thymine

nitrogenous bases with pyrimidine ring

adenine and guanine

nitrogenous bases with purine ring

pyrimidine ring

purine ring

adenine

guanine

cytosine

thymine

uracil

A/T and C/G

nitrogenous bases in DNA

A/U and C/G

nitrogenous bases in RNA

deoxyribose

deoxyribose

DNA contains sugar…

ribose

ribose

ribonucleotides in RNA contain sugar…

double

adenine and thymine are connected by ____ bond

triple

cytosine and guanine are connected by ____ bond

hydrogen bonding

all nitrogenous bases are connected by…

nucleophilic substitution, elimination, isomerization, and redox

types of biochemical reactions

hydrolysis

a subtype of substitution (acid-catalyzed)

elimination

usually forms a double bond

isomerization

interconversion between isomers

redox reactions

reactants gain or lose electrons

energy

all living organisms require ___ to function

autotroph and heterotroph

ways to gain energy

photosynthesis, chemosynthesis

autotrophs transform energy of sun (_____) or energy stored in certain inorganic molecules (_____) into chemical bond energy

chemo and photo

types of heterotrophs

heterotrophs

obtain energy by transforming preformed organic molecules made by other organisms into chemical bonds