AP Biology Organelle Quiz (4.2-4.5)

Structure and function on organelles

Prokaryotic cell

A cell without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; contains DNA in a nucleoid region, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.

Eukaryotic cell

A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; contains DNA inside the nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.

What do prokaryotes have?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA in a nucleoid region, and usually a cell wall; they do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

What do eukaryotic cells have?

A nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and DNA inside the nucleus.

What do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Both have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.

Main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both.

Plant cell

Eukaryotic cell with a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole; these structures provide support, allow photosynthesis, and store water/materials.

Animal cell

Eukaryotic cell without a cell wall or chloroplasts; usually has smaller vacuoles and relies on its cell membrane for protection and regulation.

What do plant and animal cells have in common?

Both have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and other shared organelles.

Cell wall

Rigid outer layer made mainly of cellulose in plant cells; provides support, protection, and shape.

Cell membrane

Thin, flexible phospholipid bilayer containing proteins; controls what enters and leaves the cell and helps maintain homeostasis.

Nucleus

Large membrane-bound organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores; stores most of the cell's DNA and controls cell activities through gene expression.

Nucleolus

Dense region inside the nucleus with no membrane; produces rRNA and assembles ribosome subunits.

Golgi apparatus

Stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae; modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport.

Rough ER

Network of membranes covered with ribosomes; makes and begins processing proteins, especially proteins for secretion or cell membranes.

Smooth ER

Network of membranes without ribosomes; produces lipids, helps detoxify substances, and stores calcium.

Lysosomes

Small membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes; break down waste, damaged organelles, and other cellular materials.

Peroxisomes

Small membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes; break down fatty acids and help detoxify harmful substances.

Central vacuole

Large membrane-bound compartment in plant cells surrounded by the tonoplast; stores water, nutrients, ions, pigments, and waste and helps maintain cell pressure.

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles with a folded inner membrane called cristae; carry out cellular respiration to produce ATP.

Chloroplasts

Double-membrane organelles containing thylakoids arranged into grana and surrounded by stroma; carry out photosynthesis.

Ribosomes

Small structures made of rRNA and proteins, consisting of large and small subunits; build proteins by translating mRNA.