Contemporary Social Problems

[Ch7 Families] Family

Group related by blood, marriage, or commitment who share resources and caregiving

[Ch7 Families] Nuclear family

Parent(s) and dependent children. Seen in the U.S. as the "ideal" family.

[Ch7 Families] Extended family

Nuclear family plus other relatives like grandparents, aunts, and uncles

[Ch7 Families] Family of orientation

The family you were born into

[Ch7 Families] Family of procreation

The family you form through partnering or having children

[Ch7 Families] Kinship

Network of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption

[Ch7 Families] Monogamy

Two partners at a time

[Ch7 Families] Polygamy

More than two partners at one time

[Ch7 Families] Polygyny

One man with multiple wives

[Ch7 Families] Polyandry

One woman with multiple husbands

[Ch7 Families] Endogamy

Marrying within your own group

[Ch7 Families] Exogamy

Marrying outside your own group

[Ch7 Families] Myths of the family

Idealized, inaccurate beliefs, such as that one "traditional" family form is the norm

[Ch7 Families] Belief about nontraditional families

Persistent belief that they threaten the family as an institution

[Ch7 Families] Cohabitation

Unmarried partners living together

[Ch7 Families] Blended family

Family formed when parents with children from earlier relationships join together

[Ch7 Families] Dual-earner family

Both partners work for pay

[Ch7 Families] Same-sex marriage

Legal nationwide since Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

[Ch7 Families] Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Struck down bans on interracial marriage

[Ch7 Families] DOMA

1996 law defining marriage as one man and one woman

[Ch7 Families] Functionalist view of family

Family keeps society stable: reproduction, socialization, regulating sex, social placement, support

[Ch7 Families] Conflict view of family

Family upholds a system of male social and economic domination and passes on class inequality

[Ch7 Families] Interactionist view of family

Studies the family through words, symbols, and meanings

[Ch7 Families] Feminist view of family

Family is patriarchal. Women do more unpaid work and face more abuse risk.

[Ch7 Families] Divorce rate

Divorces per 1,000 people

[Ch7 Families] No-fault divorce

Divorce without proving wrongdoing (California, 1969)

[Ch7 Families] Intimate partner violence

Harm by a current or former partner

[Ch7 Families] Cycle of violence

Tension, abusive incident, reconciliation, repeat

[Ch7 Families] Child abuse

Physical, sexual, or emotional harm to a child

[Ch7 Families] Child neglect

Failure to provide basic needs

[Ch7 Families] Elder abuse

Mistreatment of older adults, often by caregivers

[Ch7 Families] Second shift

Hochschild: housework and childcare women do after paid work

[Ch7 Families] Work-family conflict

Strain from competing job and family demands

[Ch7 Families] FMLA (1993)

Up to 12 weeks unpaid, job-protected leave

[Ch7 Families] TANF

Time-limited cash aid for low-income families

[Ch7 Families] VAWA (1994)

Violence Against Women Act: federal law funding services and prosecution for violence against women

[Ch7 Families] Office on Violence Against Women (OVW)

Federal office (U.S. Dept. of Justice) handling legal and policy issues on violence against women

[Ch8 Education] Education

Institution that transmits knowledge, skills, and values

[Ch8 Education] Manifest functions of education

Teach knowledge and skills, socialize, social placement, cultural transmission

[Ch8 Education] Latent functions of education

Childcare, peer networks, and controlling the timing of entry into the workforce

[Ch8 Education] Cultural transmission

Passing on norms and values through school

[Ch8 Education] Social placement

Sorting students into future roles

[Ch8 Education] Hidden curriculum

Unwritten lessons like obedience and punctuality

[Ch8 Education] Conflict view of education

Schools reproduce class inequality

[Ch8 Education] Cultural capital

Bourdieu: dominant-group knowledge and tastes that give school advantages

[Ch8 Education] Tracking

Sorting students into ability groups. Can reinforce inequality.

[Ch8 Education] Credentialism

Requiring degrees regardless of the skills they certify

[Ch8 Education] Self-fulfilling prophecy

A false definition becomes true because people act on it

[Ch8 Education] Pygmalion effect

Students rise or fall to teacher expectations

[Ch8 Education] Stereotype threat

Fear of confirming a stereotype lowers performance (Steele)

[Ch8 Education] Brown v. Board (1954)

Segregated public schools unconstitutional

[Ch8 Education] De jure segregation

Segregation by law

[Ch8 Education] De facto segregation

Segregation by social patterns, like housing

[Ch8 Education] Achievement gap

Persistent test-score gaps by class and race

[Ch8 Education] Property-tax funding

Local funding creates resource gaps between rich and poor districts

[Ch8 Education] No Child Left Behind (2001)

Standardized testing and accountability law

[Ch8 Education] Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)

Replaced NCLB, gave states more control

[Ch8 Education] School choice

Letting families choose schools outside their district

[Ch8 Education] Charter schools

Publicly funded, independently run schools

[Ch8 Education] Vouchers

Public money for private school tuition

[Ch8 Education] School-to-prison pipeline

Harsh discipline pushes students, especially students of color, toward the justice system

[Ch8 Education] Zero tolerance

Strict mandatory punishment rules in schools

[Ch8 Education] Bullying / cyberbullying

Repeated harm with a power imbalance, in person or online

[Ch8 Education] Title IX (1972)

Bans sex discrimination in federally funded education

[Ch8 Education] Head Start

Federal early education for low-income children

[Ch8 Education] Digital divide

Unequal access to internet and technology. COVID exposed it for students without reliable home internet.

[Ch8 Education] Highest college graduation proportion

Asian Americans (by race/ethnicity)

[Ch8 Education] Gender and college

Women now earn more bachelor's degrees than men, yet gender gaps remain in fields like STEM

[Ch8 Education] AAUW 1992 report

How Schools Shortchange Girls: called attention to gender bias in schools and the need to encourage girls in math and science

[Ch8 Education] Structural factors and gender

Studies show structural factors in schools and campuses help create gender inequality

[Ch8 Education] Plyler v. Doe (1982)

Schools must educate children regardless of immigration status

[Ch8 Education] IDEA

Guarantees free, appropriate education for students with disabilities

[Ch8 Education] Student debt

Borrowing for college. Burdens low-income and minority students most.

[Ch9 Work] Capitalism

Private ownership and market competition for profit

[Ch9 Work] Postindustrial economy

Service and information economy

[Ch9 Work] Deindustrialization

Loss of manufacturing jobs

[Ch9 Work] Globalization

Worldwide integration of economies and cultures

[Ch9 Work] Outsourcing

Contracting work to outside firms

[Ch9 Work] Offshoring

Moving jobs to other countries

[Ch9 Work] Automation

Machines replacing human labor

[Ch9 Work] Gig economy

Short-term, app-based, freelance work

[Ch9 Work] Contingent workers

Temporary or part-time with little security

[Ch9 Work] Functionalist view of work

Work sorts people into needed roles and keeps society running

[Ch9 Work] Conflict view of work

Owners exploit workers for profit

[Ch9 Work] Alienation (Marx)

Workers feel separated from product, process, others, and self

[Ch9 Work] McDonaldization

Ritzer: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control

[Ch9 Work] Dual labor market

Primary sector (good jobs) vs. secondary sector (low-pay, unstable)

[Ch9 Work] Unemployment rate

Share of labor force looking for work but not finding it

[Ch9 Work] Discouraged workers

Stopped looking, not counted as unemployed

[Ch9 Work] Underemployment

Part-time wanting full-time, or overqualified

[Ch9 Work] Working poor

Employed but below poverty line

[Ch9 Work] Minimum wage vs. living wage

Legal floor vs. income needed for basic needs

[Ch9 Work] Labor union / collective bargaining

Workers organize to negotiate wages and conditions

[Ch9 Work] Right-to-work laws

Prohibit requiring union membership or fees

[Ch9 Work] Occupational segregation

Groups concentrated in certain jobs

[Ch9 Work] Gender wage gap

Women earn less than men on average (use your text's figure)

[Ch9 Work] Glass ceiling

Invisible barrier to top jobs for women and minorities

[Ch9 Work] Glass escalator

Men in female-dominated jobs advance faster

[Ch9 Work] Sexual harassment

Unwelcome sexual conduct affecting work

[Ch9 Work] Quid pro quo

Job benefits tied to sexual demands