latin 101 vocabulary - shelmerdine

agricola

Noun; masculine; 1st declension. Meaning: farmer.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	agricola	agricolae
Genitive	agricolae	agricolārum
Dative	agricolae	agricolīs
Accusative	agricolam	agricolās
Ablative	agricolā	agricolīs
Vocative	agricola	agricolae

English derivative: agriculture.

aqua

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: water.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	aqua	aquae
Genitive	aquae	aquārum
Dative	aquae	aquīs
Accusative	aquam	aquās
Ablative	aquā	aquīs
Vocative	aqua	aquae

English derivative: aquatic.

fēmina

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: woman. Genitive singular: fēminae.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fēmina	fēminae
Genitive	fēminae	fēminārum
Dative	fēminae	fēminīs
Accusative	fēminam	fēminās
Ablative	fēminā	fēminīs
Vocative	fēmina	fēminae

English derivative: feminine.

fortūna

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: chance, luck, fortune.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fortūna	fortūnae
Genitive	fortūnae	fortūnārum
Dative	fortūnae	fortūnīs
Accusative	fortūnam	fortūnās
Ablative	fortūnā	fortūnīs
Vocative	fortūna	fortūnae

English derivative: fortune.

nauta

Noun; masculine; 1st declension. Meaning: sailor.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nauta	nautae
Genitive	nautae	nautārum
Dative	nautae	nautīs
Accusative	nautam	nautās
Ablative	nautā	nautīs
Vocative	nauta	nautae

English derivative: nautical.

pecūnia

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: money, property.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pecūnia	pecūniae
Genitive	pecūniae	pecūniārum
Dative	pecūniae	pecūniīs
Accusative	pecūniam	pecūniās
Ablative	pecūniā	pecūniīs
Vocative	pecūnia	pecūniae

English derivative: pecuniary.

rosa

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: rose.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rosa	rosae
Genitive	rosae	rosārum
Dative	rosae	rosīs
Accusative	rosam	rosās
Ablative	rosā	rosīs
Vocative	rosa	rosae

English derivative: rose.

amō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: love. Principal parts: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	amō	amābam	amābō	amāvī	amāveram	amāverō
2nd singular	amās	amābās	amābis	amāvistī	amāverās	amāveris
3rd singular	amat	amābat	amābit	amāvit	amāverat	amāverit
1st plural	amāmus	amābāmus	amābimus	amāvimus	amāverāmus	amāverimus
2nd plural	amātis	amābātis	amābitis	amāvistis	amāverātis	amāveritis
3rd plural	amant	amābant	amābunt	amāvērunt	amāverant	amāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): amā/amāte. English derivative: amorous.

dēbeō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: owe, ought. Principal parts: dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	dēbeō	dēbēbam	dēbēbō	dēbuī	dēbueram	dēbuerō
2nd singular	dēbēs	dēbēbās	dēbēbis	dēbuistī	dēbuerās	dēbueris
3rd singular	dēbet	dēbēbat	dēbēbit	dēbuit	dēbuerat	dēbuerit
1st plural	dēbēmus	dēbēbāmus	dēbēbimus	dēbuimus	dēbuerāmus	dēbuerimus
2nd plural	dēbētis	dēbēbātis	dēbēbitis	dēbuistis	dēbuerātis	dēbueritis
3rd plural	dēbent	dēbēbant	dēbēbunt	dēbuērunt	dēbuerant	dēbuerint

Imperative (singular / plural): dēbē/dēbēte. English derivative: debit, debt.

iaceō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: lie, be lying, lie at rest. Principal parts: iaceō, iacēre, iacuī, iacitūrus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	iaceō	iacēbam	iacēbō	iacuī	iacueram	iacuerō
2nd singular	iacēs	iacēbās	iacēbis	iacuistī	iacuerās	iacueris
3rd singular	iacet	iacēbat	iacēbit	iacuit	iacuerat	iacuerit
1st plural	iacēmus	iacēbāmus	iacēbimus	iacuimus	iacuerāmus	iacuerimus
2nd plural	iacētis	iacēbātis	iacēbitis	iacuistis	iacuerātis	iacueritis
3rd plural	iacent	iacēbant	iacēbunt	iacuērunt	iacuerant	iacuerint

Imperative (singular / plural): iacē/iacēte. English derivative: adjacent.

iuvō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: help, please. Principal parts: iuvō, iuvāre, iūvī, iūtus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	iuvō	iuvābam	iuvābō	iūvī	iūveram	iūverō
2nd singular	iuvās	iuvābās	iuvābis	iūvistī	iūverās	iūveris
3rd singular	iuvat	iuvābat	iuvābit	iūvit	iūverat	iūverit
1st plural	iuvāmus	iuvābāmus	iuvābimus	iūvimus	iūverāmus	iūverimus
2nd plural	iuvātis	iuvābātis	iuvābitis	iūvistis	iūverātis	iūveritis
3rd plural	iuvant	iuvābant	iuvābunt	iūvērunt	iūverant	iūverint

Imperative (singular / plural): iuvā/iuvāte. English derivative: adjuvant.

labōrō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: work, strive. Principal parts: labōrō, labōrāre, labōrāvī, labōrātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	labōrō	labōrābam	labōrābō	labōrāvī	labōrāveram	labōrāverō
2nd singular	labōrās	labōrābās	labōrābis	labōrāvistī	labōrāverās	labōrāveris
3rd singular	labōrat	labōrābat	labōrābit	labōrāvit	labōrāverat	labōrāverit
1st plural	labōrāmus	labōrābāmus	labōrābimus	labōrāvimus	labōrāverāmus	labōrāverimus
2nd plural	labōrātis	labōrābātis	labōrābitis	labōrāvistis	labōrāverātis	labōrāveritis
3rd plural	labōrant	labōrābant	labōrābunt	labōrāvērunt	labōrāverant	labōrāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): labōrā/labōrāte. English derivative: labor.

laudō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: praise. Principal parts: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	laudō	laudābam	laudābō	laudāvī	laudāveram	laudāverō
2nd singular	laudās	laudābās	laudābis	laudāvistī	laudāverās	laudāveris
3rd singular	laudat	laudābat	laudābit	laudāvit	laudāverat	laudāverit
1st plural	laudāmus	laudābāmus	laudābimus	laudāvimus	laudāverāmus	laudāverimus
2nd plural	laudātis	laudābātis	laudābitis	laudāvistis	laudāverātis	laudāveritis
3rd plural	laudant	laudābant	laudābunt	laudāvērunt	laudāverant	laudāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): laudā/laudāte. English derivative: laudable.

moneō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: advise, warn, remind. Principal parts: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	moneō	monēbam	monēbō	monuī	monueram	monuerō
2nd singular	monēs	monēbās	monēbis	monuistī	monuerās	monueris
3rd singular	monet	monēbat	monēbit	monuit	monuerat	monuerit
1st plural	monēmus	monēbāmus	monēbimus	monuimus	monuerāmus	monuerimus
2nd plural	monētis	monēbātis	monēbitis	monuistis	monuerātis	monueritis
3rd plural	monent	monēbant	monēbunt	monuērunt	monuerant	monuerint

Imperative (singular / plural): monē/monēte. English derivative: admonish.

optō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: choose, wish. Principal parts: optō, optāre, optāvī, optātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	optō	optābam	optābō	optāvī	optāveram	optāverō
2nd singular	optās	optābās	optābis	optāvistī	optāverās	optāveris
3rd singular	optat	optābat	optābit	optāvit	optāverat	optāverit
1st plural	optāmus	optābāmus	optābimus	optāvimus	optāverāmus	optāverimus
2nd plural	optātis	optābātis	optābitis	optāvistis	optāverātis	optāveritis
3rd plural	optant	optābant	optābunt	optāvērunt	optāverant	optāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): optā/optāte. English derivative: option.

superō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: overcome, conquer, surpass. Principal parts: superō, superāre, superāvī, superātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	superō	superābam	superābō	superāvī	superāveram	superāverō
2nd singular	superās	superābās	superābis	superāvistī	superāverās	superāveris
3rd singular	superat	superābat	superābit	superāvit	superāverat	superāverit
1st plural	superāmus	superābāmus	superābimus	superāvimus	superāverāmus	superāverimus
2nd plural	superātis	superābātis	superābitis	superāvistis	superāverātis	superāveritis
3rd plural	superant	superābant	superābunt	superāvērunt	superāverant	superāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): superā/superāte. English derivative: superior.

taceō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: be silent. Principal parts: taceō, tacēre, tacuī, tacitūrus

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	taceō	tacēbam	tacēbō	tacuī	tacueram	tacuerō
2nd singular	tacēs	tacēbās	tacēbis	tacuistī	tacuerās	tacueris
3rd singular	tacet	tacēbat	tacēbit	tacuit	tacuerat	tacuerit
1st plural	tacēmus	tacēbāmus	tacēbimus	tacuimus	tacuerāmus	tacuerimus
2nd plural	tacētis	tacēbātis	tacēbitis	tacuistis	tacuerātis	tacueritis
3rd plural	tacent	tacēbant	tacēbunt	tacuērunt	tacuerant	tacuerint

Imperative (singular / plural): tacē/tacēte. English derivative: tacit.

terreō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: terrify, scare. Principal parts: terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	terreō	terrēbam	terrēbō	terruī	terrueram	terruerō
2nd singular	terrēs	terrēbās	terrēbis	terruistī	terruerās	terrueris
3rd singular	terret	terrēbat	terrēbit	terruit	terruerat	terruerit
1st plural	terrēmus	terrēbāmus	terrēbimus	terruimus	terruerāmus	terruerimus
2nd plural	terrētis	terrēbātis	terrēbitis	terruistis	terruerātis	terrueritis
3rd plural	terrent	terrēbant	terrēbunt	terruērunt	terruerant	terruerint

Imperative (singular / plural): terrē/terrēte. English derivative: terror.

timeō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: fear be afraid (of). Principal parts: timeō, timēre, timuī, —.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	timeō	timēbam	timēbō	timuī	timueram	timuerō
2nd singular	timēs	timēbās	timēbis	timuistī	timuerās	timueris
3rd singular	timet	timēbat	timēbit	timuit	timuerat	timuerit
1st plural	timēmus	timēbāmus	timēbimus	timuimus	timuerāmus	timuerimus
2nd plural	timētis	timēbātis	timēbitis	timuistis	timuerātis	timueritis
3rd plural	timent	timēbant	timēbunt	timuērunt	timuerant	timuerint

Imperative (singular / plural): timē/timēte. English derivative: timid.

videō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: see. Principal parts: videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	videō	vidēbam	vidēbō	vīdī	vīderam	vīderō
2nd singular	vidēs	vidēbās	vidēbis	vīdistī	vīderās	vīderis
3rd singular	videt	vidēbat	vidēbit	vīdit	vīderat	vīderit
1st plural	vidēmus	vidēbāmus	vidēbimus	vīdimus	vīderāmus	vīderimus
2nd plural	vidētis	vidēbātis	vidēbitis	vīdistis	vīderātis	vīderitis
3rd plural	vident	vidēbant	vidēbunt	vīdērunt	vīderant	vīderint

Imperative (singular / plural): vidē/vidēte. English derivative: video.

vocō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: call, summon. Principal parts: vocō, vocāre, vocāvī, vocātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	vocō	vocābam	vocābō	vocāvī	vocāveram	vocāverō
2nd singular	vocās	vocābās	vocābis	vocāvistī	vocāverās	vocāveris
3rd singular	vocat	vocābat	vocābit	vocāvit	vocāverat	vocāverit
1st plural	vocāmus	vocābāmus	vocābimus	vocāvimus	vocāverāmus	vocāverimus
2nd plural	vocātis	vocābātis	vocābitis	vocāvistis	vocāverātis	vocāveritis
3rd plural	vocant	vocābant	vocābunt	vocāvērunt	vocāverant	vocāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): vocā/vocāte. English derivative: vocal.

-ne

Enclitic interrogative particle; indeclinable. Attached to the end of the first word in a question (often the emphasized word). Marks a yes-or-no question; has no fixed English translation. Example: Venīsne? = Are you coming?

audeō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: dare. Principal parts: audeō, audēre, ausus sum (semi-deponent).

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	audeō	audēbam	audēbō	ausus/ausa sum	ausus/ausa eram	ausus/ausa erō
2nd singular	audēs	audēbās	audēbis	ausus/ausa es	ausus/ausa erās	ausus/ausa eris
3rd singular	audet	audēbat	audēbit	ausus/ausa/ausum est	ausus/ausa/ausum erat	ausus/ausa/ausum erit
1st plural	audēmus	audēbāmus	audēbimus	ausī / ausae / ausa sumus	ausī / ausae / ausa erāmus	ausī / ausae / ausa erimus
2nd plural	audētis	audēbātis	audēbitis	ausī / ausae / ausa estis	ausī / ausae / ausa erātis	ausī / ausae / ausa eritis
3rd plural	audent	audēbant	audēbunt	ausī / ausae / ausa sunt	ausī / ausae / ausa erant	ausī / ausae / ausa erunt

Perfect-system forms are semi-deponent: perfect participle + forms of sum; participle agrees in gender and number with the subject (masculine/feminine/neuter). Plural participles take -ī/-ae/-a.

Imperative (singular / plural): audē/audēte. Special note: Semi-deponent: perfect is ausus sum, not an ordinary active perfect. Principal-part correction: audeō, audēre, ausus sum. English derivative: audacious.

clāmō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: shout. Principal parts: clāmō, clāmāre, clāmāvī, clāmātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	clāmō	clāmābam	clāmābō	clāmāvī	clāmāveram	clāmāverō
2nd singular	clāmās	clāmābās	clāmābis	clāmāvistī	clāmāverās	clāmāveris
3rd singular	clāmat	clāmābat	clāmābit	clāmāvit	clāmāverat	clāmāverit
1st plural	clāmāmus	clāmābāmus	clāmābimus	clāmāvimus	clāmāverāmus	clāmāverimus
2nd plural	clāmātis	clāmābātis	clāmābitis	clāmāvistis	clāmāverātis	clāmāveritis
3rd plural	clāmant	clāmābant	clāmābunt	clāmāvērunt	clāmāverant	clāmāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): clāmā/clāmāte. English derivative: exclaim.

rīdeō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: laugh. Principal parts: rīdeō, rīdēre, rīsī, rīsus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	rīdeō	rīdēbam	rīdēbō	rīsī	rīseram	rīserō
2nd singular	rīdēs	rīdēbās	rīdēbis	rīsistī	rīserās	rīseris
3rd singular	rīdet	rīdēbat	rīdēbit	rīsit	rīserat	rīserit
1st plural	rīdēmus	rīdēbāmus	rīdēbimus	rīsimus	rīserāmus	rīserimus
2nd plural	rīdētis	rīdēbātis	rīdēbitis	rīsistis	rīserātis	rīseritis
3rd plural	rīdent	rīdēbant	rīdēbunt	rīsērunt	rīserant	rīserint

Imperative (singular / plural): rīdē/rīdēte. English derivative: ridicule.

soleō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: be accustomed. Principal parts: soleō, solēre, solitus sum (semi-deponent).

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	soleō	solēbam	solēbō	solitus/solita sum	solitus/solita eram	solitus/solita erō
2nd singular	solēs	solēbās	solēbis	solitus/solita es	solitus/solita erās	solitus/solita eris
3rd singular	solet	solēbat	solēbit	solitus/solita/solitum est	solitus/solita/solitum erat	solitus/solita/solitum erit
1st plural	solēmus	solēbāmus	solēbimus	solitī / solitae / solita sumus	solitī / solitae / solita erāmus	solitī / solitae / solita erimus
2nd plural	solētis	solēbātis	solēbitis	solitī / solitae / solita estis	solitī / solitae / solita erātis	solitī / solitae / solita eritis
3rd plural	solent	solēbant	solēbunt	solitī / solitae / solita sunt	solitī / solitae / solita erant	solitī / solitae / solita erunt

Perfect-system forms are semi-deponent: perfect participle + forms of sum; participle agrees in gender and number with the subject (masculine/feminine/neuter). Plural participles take -ī/-ae/-a.

Imperative (singular / plural): solē / solēte.

et

Coordinating conjunction; indeclinable. Meaning: and.

et … et

Correlative coordinating conjunction; indeclinable. Meaning: both ... and. Repeats et before the two coordinated elements.

-que

Enclitic coordinating conjunction; indeclinable. Meaning: and. Attaches to the end of the second coordinated word; e.g. senātus populusque.

ager

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: field, countryside.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ager	agrī
Genitive	agrī	agrōrum
Dative	agrō	agrīs
Accusative	agrum	agrōs
Ablative	agrō	agrīs
Vocative	ager	agrī

English derivative: agrarian.

amīcus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: friend.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	amīcus	amīcī
Genitive	amīcī	amīcōrum
Dative	amīcō	amīcīs
Accusative	amīcum	amīcōs
Ablative	amīcō	amīcīs
Vocative	amīce	amīcī

English derivative: amicable.

animus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: mind, spirit, courage, soul.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	animus	animī
Genitive	animī	animōrum
Dative	animō	animīs
Accusative	animum	animōs
Ablative	animō	animīs
Vocative	anime	animī

English derivative: animate.

bellum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: war.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bellum	bella
Genitive	bellī	bellōrum
Dative	bellō	bellīs
Accusative	bellum	bella
Ablative	bellō	bellīs
Vocative	bellum	bella

English derivative: belligerent.

casa

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: house, hut.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	casa	casae
Genitive	casae	casārum
Dative	casae	casīs
Accusative	casam	casās
Ablative	casā	casīs
Vocative	casa	casae

English derivative: casino.

cōnsilium

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: plan, advice.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cōnsilium	cōnsilia
Genitive	cōnsiliī	cōnsiliōrum
Dative	cōnsiliō	cōnsiliīs
Accusative	cōnsilium	cōnsilia
Ablative	cōnsiliō	cōnsiliīs
Vocative	cōnsilium	cōnsilia

English derivative: counsel.

dominus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: master, lord.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dominus	dominī
Genitive	dominī	dominōrum
Dative	dominō	dominīs
Accusative	dominum	dominōs
Ablative	dominō	dominīs
Vocative	domine	dominī

English derivative: dominate.

dōnum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: gift, present.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dōnum	dōna
Genitive	dōnī	dōnōrum
Dative	dōnō	dōnīs
Accusative	dōnum	dōna
Ablative	dōnō	dōnīs
Vocative	dōnum	dōna

English derivative: donation.

locus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: place, position.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	locus	locī (m.) / loca (n.)
Genitive	locī	locōrum
Dative	locō	locīs
Accusative	locum	locōs (m.) / loca (n.)
Ablative	locō	locīs
Vocative	loce	locī (m.) / loca (n.)

Special note: Both locī and loca can mean “places”; locī can also mean passages in a book, while loca commonly means places or regions.

lūna

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: moon.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lūna	lūnae
Genitive	lūnae	lūnārum
Dative	lūnae	lūnīs
Accusative	lūnam	lūnās
Ablative	lūnā	lūnīs
Vocative	lūna	lūnae

English derivative: lunar.

nātūra

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: nature.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nātūra	nātūrae
Genitive	nātūrae	nātūrārum
Dative	nātūrae	nātūrīs
Accusative	nātūram	nātūrās
Ablative	nātūrā	nātūrīs
Vocative	nātūra	nātūrae

English derivative: nature.

puer

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: boy.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	puer	puerī
Genitive	puerī	puerōrum
Dative	puerō	puerīs
Accusative	puerum	puerōs
Ablative	puerō	puerīs
Vocative	puer	puerī

English derivative: puerile.

puella

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: girl.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	puella	puellae
Genitive	puellae	puellārum
Dative	puellae	puellīs
Accusative	puellam	puellās
Ablative	puellā	puellīs
Vocative	puella	puellae

rēgnum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: kingdom, royal power.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rēgnum	rēgna
Genitive	rēgnī	rēgnōrum
Dative	rēgnō	rēgnīs
Accusative	rēgnum	rēgna
Ablative	rēgnō	rēgnīs
Vocative	rēgnum	rēgna

English derivative: reign.

vir

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: man.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	vir	virī
Genitive	virī	virōrum
Dative	virō	virīs
Accusative	virum	virōs
Ablative	virō	virīs
Vocative	vir	virī

English derivative: virile.

dubitō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: hesitate, doubt. Principal parts: dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	dubitō	dubitābam	dubitābō	dubitāvī	dubitāveram	dubitāverō
2nd singular	dubitās	dubitābās	dubitābis	dubitāvistī	dubitāverās	dubitāveris
3rd singular	dubitat	dubitābat	dubitābit	dubitāvit	dubitāverat	dubitāverit
1st plural	dubitāmus	dubitābāmus	dubitābimus	dubitāvimus	dubitāverāmus	dubitāverimus
2nd plural	dubitātis	dubitābātis	dubitābitis	dubitāvistis	dubitāverātis	dubitāveritis
3rd plural	dubitant	dubitābant	dubitābunt	dubitāvērunt	dubitāverant	dubitāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): dubitā/dubitāte. English derivative: dubious.

aedificō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: build. Principal parts: aedificō, aedificāre, aedificāvī, aedificātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	aedificō	aedificābam	aedificābō	aedificāvī	aedificāveram	aedificāverō
2nd singular	aedificās	aedificābās	aedificābis	aedificāvistī	aedificāverās	aedificāveris
3rd singular	aedificat	aedificābat	aedificābit	aedificāvit	aedificāverat	aedificāverit
1st plural	aedificāmus	aedificābāmus	aedificābimus	aedificāvimus	aedificāverāmus	aedificāverimus
2nd plural	aedificātis	aedificābātis	aedificābitis	aedificāvistis	aedificāverātis	aedificāveritis
3rd plural	aedificant	aedificābant	aedificābunt	aedificāvērunt	aedificāverant	aedificāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): aedificā/aedificāte. English derivative: edifice.

dō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: give. Principal parts: dō, dare, dedī, datus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	dō	dabam	dabō	dedī	dederam	dederō
2nd singular	dās	dabās	dabis	dedistī	dederās	dederis
3rd singular	dat	dabat	dabit	dedit	dederat	dederit
1st plural	damus	dabāmus	dabimus	dedimus	dederāmus	dederimus
2nd plural	datis	dabātis	dabitis	dedistis	dederātis	dederitis
3rd plural	dant	dabant	dabunt	dedērunt	dederant	dederint

Imperative (singular / plural): dā/date. Special note: Irregular first conjugation: short a in dare, damus, datis, dabam; imperative dā, date. English derivative: donate.

impleō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: fill. Principal parts: impleō, implēre, implēvī, implētus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	impleō	implēbam	implēbō	implēvī	implēveram	implēverō
2nd singular	implēs	implēbās	implēbis	implēvistī	implēverās	implēveris
3rd singular	implet	implēbat	implēbit	implēvit	implēverat	implēverit
1st plural	implēmus	implēbāmus	implēbimus	implēvimus	implēverāmus	implēverimus
2nd plural	implētis	implēbātis	implēbitis	implēvistis	implēverātis	implēveritis
3rd plural	implent	implēbant	implēbunt	implēvērunt	implēverant	implēverint

Imperative (singular / plural): implē/implēte. English derivative: implement.

mōnstrō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: show. Principal parts: mōnstrō, mōnstrāre, mōnstrāvī, mōnstrātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	mōnstrō	mōnstrābam	mōnstrābō	mōnstrāvī	mōnstrāveram	mōnstrāverō
2nd singular	mōnstrās	mōnstrābās	mōnstrābis	mōnstrāvistī	mōnstrāverās	mōnstrāveris
3rd singular	mōnstrat	mōnstrābat	mōnstrābit	mōnstrāvit	mōnstrāverat	mōnstrāverit
1st plural	mōnstrāmus	mōnstrābāmus	mōnstrābimus	mōnstrāvimus	mōnstrāverāmus	mōnstrāverimus
2nd plural	mōnstrātis	mōnstrābātis	mōnstrābitis	mōnstrāvistis	mōnstrāverātis	mōnstrāveritis
3rd plural	mōnstrant	mōnstrābant	mōnstrābunt	mōnstrāvērunt	mōnstrāverant	mōnstrāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): mōnstrā/mōnstrāte. English derivative: demonstrate.

nārrō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: tell. Principal parts: nārrō, nārrāre, nārrāvī, nārrātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	nārrō	nārrābam	nārrābō	nārrāvī	nārrāveram	nārrāverō
2nd singular	nārrās	nārrābās	nārrābis	nārrāvistī	nārrāverās	nārrāveris
3rd singular	nārrat	nārrābat	nārrābit	nārrāvit	nārrāverat	nārrāverit
1st plural	nārrāmus	nārrābāmus	nārrābimus	nārrāvimus	nārrāverāmus	nārrāverimus
2nd plural	nārrātis	nārrābātis	nārrābitis	nārrāvistis	nārrāverātis	nārrāveritis
3rd plural	nārrant	nārrābant	nārrābunt	nārrāvērunt	nārrāverant	nārrāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): nārrā/nārrāte. English derivative: narrate.

parō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: prepare. Principal parts: parō, parāre, parāvī, parātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	parō	parābam	parābō	parāvī	parāveram	parāverō
2nd singular	parās	parābās	parābis	parāvistī	parāverās	parāveris
3rd singular	parat	parābat	parābit	parāvit	parāverat	parāverit
1st plural	parāmus	parābāmus	parābimus	parāvimus	parāverāmus	parāverimus
2nd plural	parātis	parābātis	parābitis	parāvistis	parāverātis	parāveritis
3rd plural	parant	parābant	parābunt	parāvērunt	parāverant	parāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): parā/parāte. English derivative: prepare.

portō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: carry. Principal parts: portō, portāre, portāvī, portātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	portō	portābam	portābō	portāvī	portāveram	portāverō
2nd singular	portās	portābās	portābis	portāvistī	portāverās	portāveris
3rd singular	portat	portābat	portābit	portāvit	portāverat	portāverit
1st plural	portāmus	portābāmus	portābimus	portāvimus	portāverāmus	portāverimus
2nd plural	portātis	portābātis	portābitis	portāvistis	portāverātis	portāveritis
3rd plural	portant	portābant	portābunt	portāvērunt	portāverant	portāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): portā/portāte. English derivative: transport.

pugnō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: fight. Principal parts: pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	pugnō	pugnābam	pugnābō	pugnāvī	pugnāveram	pugnāverō
2nd singular	pugnās	pugnābās	pugnābis	pugnāvistī	pugnāverās	pugnāveris
3rd singular	pugnat	pugnābat	pugnābit	pugnāvit	pugnāverat	pugnāverit
1st plural	pugnāmus	pugnābāmus	pugnābimus	pugnāvimus	pugnāverāmus	pugnāverimus
2nd plural	pugnātis	pugnābātis	pugnābitis	pugnāvistis	pugnāverātis	pugnāveritis
3rd plural	pugnant	pugnābant	pugnābunt	pugnāvērunt	pugnāverant	pugnāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): pugnā/pugnāte. Special note: Usually intransitive; can use cum + ablative. English derivative: pugnacious.

arma

Noun; neuter; 2nd (plural-only) declension. Meaning: arms, weapons.

Case	Plural (no singular)
Nominative	arma
Genitive	armōrum
Dative	armīs
Accusative	arma
Ablative	armīs
Vocative	arma

Special note: Neuter plural-only noun. English derivative: armament.

caelum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: sky, heaven, heavens.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	caelum	caela
Genitive	caelī	caelōrum
Dative	caelō	caelīs
Accusative	caelum	caela
Ablative	caelō	caelīs
Vocative	caelum	caela

English derivative: celestial.

cēna

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: dinner.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	cēna	cēnae
Genitive	cēnae	cēnārum
Dative	cēnae	cēnīs
Accusative	cēnam	cēnās
Ablative	cēnā	cēnīs
Vocative	cēna	cēnae

English derivative: cenacle.

dea

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: goddess.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dea	deae
Genitive	deae	deārum
Dative	deae	deābus
Accusative	deam	deās
Ablative	deā	deābus
Vocative	dea	deae

Special note: Special dative/ablative plural deābus. English derivative: deity.

deābus

Special noun form: dative and ablative plural of dea, deae (goddess, feminine 1st declension).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dea	deae
Genitive	deae	deārum
Dative	deae	deābus
Accusative	deam	deās
Ablative	deā	deābus
Vocative	dea	deae

deus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: god.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	deus	dī / deī
Genitive	deī	deōrum
Dative	deō	dīs / deīs
Accusative	deum	deōs
Ablative	deō	dīs / deīs
Vocative	deus	dī / deī

English derivative: deity.

dī; dīs

Special noun forms: dī = nominative/vocative plural; dīs = dative/ablative plural of deus (god, masculine 2nd declension).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	deus	dī / deī
Genitive	deī	deōrum
Dative	deō	dīs / deīs
Accusative	deum	deōs
Ablative	deō	dīs / deīs
Vocative	deus	dī / deī

fābula

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: story.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fābula	fābulae
Genitive	fābulae	fābulārum
Dative	fābulae	fābulīs
Accusative	fābulam	fābulās
Ablative	fābulā	fābulīs
Vocative	fābula	fābulae

English derivative: fable.

fīlius

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: son.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	fīlius	fīliī
Genitive	fīliī	fīliōrum
Dative	fīliō	fīliīs
Accusative	fīlium	fīliōs
Ablative	fīliō	fīliīs
Vocative	fīlī	fīliī

Special note: Vocative singular fīlī. English derivative: filial.

imperium

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: command, military power.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	imperium	imperia
Genitive	imperiī	imperiōrum
Dative	imperiō	imperiīs
Accusative	imperium	imperia
Ablative	imperiō	imperiīs
Vocative	imperium	imperia

English derivative: imperial.

liber

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: book.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	liber	librī
Genitive	librī	librōrum
Dative	librō	librīs
Accusative	librum	librōs
Ablative	librō	librīs
Vocative	liber	librī

Special note: Book = liber, librī; distinguish līber, lībera, līberum = free. English derivative: library.

nēmō

Indefinite pronoun (substantival); grammatically masculine; irregular 3rd-declension forms. Meaning: no one, nobody.

Case	Singular
Nominative	nēmō
Genitive	nēminis (also nūllīus)
Dative	nēminī
Accusative	nēminem
Ablative	nēmine (also nūllō)
Vocative	—

pontus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: sea, ocean.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pontus	pontī
Genitive	pontī	pontōrum
Dative	pontō	pontīs
Accusative	pontum	pontōs
Ablative	pontō	pontīs
Vocative	ponte	pontī

nēminem

Special noun form: accusative singular of nēmō (no one).

Case	Singular
Nominative	nēmō
Genitive	nēminis (also nūllīus)
Dative	nēminī
Accusative	nēminem
Ablative	nēmine (also nūllō)
Vocative	—

Rōmulus

Proper noun; masculine; 2nd declension; normally singular only. Meaning: Romulus.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Rōmulus	Rōmulī
Genitive	Rōmulī	Rōmulōrum
Dative	Rōmulō	Rōmulīs
Accusative	Rōmulum	Rōmulōs
Ablative	Rōmulō	Rōmulīs
Vocative	Rōmule	Rōmulī

silva

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: forest, wood.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	silva	silvae
Genitive	silvae	silvārum
Dative	silvae	silvīs
Accusative	silvam	silvās
Ablative	silvā	silvīs
Vocative	silva	silvae

English derivative: silviculture.

templum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: temple, shrine.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	templum	templa
Genitive	templī	templōrum
Dative	templō	templīs
Accusative	templum	templa
Ablative	templō	templīs
Vocative	templum	templa

English derivative: temple.

turba

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: crowd.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	turba	turbae
Genitive	turbae	turbārum
Dative	turbae	turbīs
Accusative	turbam	turbās
Ablative	turbā	turbīs
Vocative	turba	turbae

English derivative: turbulent.

ventus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: wind, breeze.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ventus	ventī
Genitive	ventī	ventōrum
Dative	ventō	ventīs
Accusative	ventum	ventōs
Ablative	ventō	ventīs
Vocative	vente	ventī

English derivative: ventilate.

habeō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: have, consider. Principal parts: habeō, habēre, habuī, habitus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	habeō	habēbam	habēbō	habuī	habueram	habuerō
2nd singular	habēs	habēbās	habēbis	habuistī	habuerās	habueris
3rd singular	habet	habēbat	habēbit	habuit	habuerat	habuerit
1st plural	habēmus	habēbāmus	habēbimus	habuimus	habuerāmus	habuerimus
2nd plural	habētis	habēbātis	habēbitis	habuistis	habuerātis	habueritis
3rd plural	habent	habēbant	habēbunt	habuērunt	habuerant	habuerint

Imperative (singular / plural): habē/habēte. English derivative: habit. Special Note: Means “consider” when it takes two accusatives

ā, ab

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: from, away from; also by (agent with passive verbs).

Governs: ablative case.

Special note: Use ā before consonants, ab commonly before vowels; both forms occur in other environments.

ad

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: to, toward, up to.

Governs: accusative case.

Special note: Indicates motion toward a destination.

ē, ex

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: out of, from.

Governs: ablative case.

Special note: ē and ex are variants; ex commonly before vowels.

in + ablative

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: in, on, at.

Governs: ablative case.

Special note: Location where, not motion into.

in + accusative

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: into, onto, against.

Governs: accusative case.

Special note: Motion toward or into a place.

post

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: after, behind.

Governs: accusative case.

Special note: Can also be an adverb meaning afterwards.

prō

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: in front of, on behalf of, instead of.

Governs: ablative case.

trāns

Preposition; indeclinable. Meaning: across, beyond, over.

Governs: accusative case.

factum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: deed, act, exploit, achievement.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	factum	facta
Genitive	factī	factōrum
Dative	factō	factīs
Accusative	factum	facta
Ablative	factō	factīs
Vocative	factum	facta

English derivative: fact.

oculus

Noun; masculine; 2nd declension. Meaning: eye.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	oculus	oculī
Genitive	oculī	oculōrum
Dative	oculō	oculīs
Accusative	oculum	oculōs
Ablative	oculō	oculīs
Vocative	ocule	oculī

English derivative: ocular.

saxum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: rock, stone, cliff.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	saxum	saxa
Genitive	saxī	saxōrum
Dative	saxō	saxīs
Accusative	saxum	saxa
Ablative	saxō	saxīs
Vocative	saxum	saxa

English derivative: saxifrage.

verbum

Noun; neuter; 2nd declension. Meaning: word.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	verbum	verba
Genitive	verbī	verbōrum
Dative	verbō	verbīs
Accusative	verbum	verba
Ablative	verbō	verbīs
Vocative	verbum	verba

English derivative: verbal.

via

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: road, way.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	via	viae
Genitive	viae	viārum
Dative	viae	viīs
Accusative	viam	viās
Ablative	viā	viīs
Vocative	via	viae

English derivative: viaduct.

ambulō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: walk. Principal parts: ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātūrus

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	ambulō	ambulābam	ambulābō	ambulāvī	ambulāveram	ambulāverō
2nd singular	ambulās	ambulābās	ambulābis	ambulāvistī	ambulāverās	ambulāveris
3rd singular	ambulat	ambulābat	ambulābit	ambulāvit	ambulāverat	ambulāverit
1st plural	ambulāmus	ambulābāmus	ambulābimus	ambulāvimus	ambulāverāmus	ambulāverimus
2nd plural	ambulātis	ambulābātis	ambulābitis	ambulāvistis	ambulāverātis	ambulāveritis
3rd plural	ambulant	ambulābant	ambulābunt	ambulāvērunt	ambulāverant	ambulāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): ambulā/ambulāte. English derivative: ambulance.

errō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: wander. Principal parts: errō, errāre, errāvī, errātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	errō	errābam	errābō	errāvī	errāveram	errāverō
2nd singular	errās	errābās	errābis	errāvistī	errāverās	errāveris
3rd singular	errat	errābat	errābit	errāvit	errāverat	errāverit
1st plural	errāmus	errābāmus	errābimus	errāvimus	errāverāmus	errāverimus
2nd plural	errātis	errābātis	errābitis	errāvistis	errāverātis	errāveritis
3rd plural	errant	errābant	errābunt	errāvērunt	errāverant	errāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): errā/errāte. English derivative: error.

festīnō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: hurry, hasten. Principal parts: festīnō, festīnāre, festīnāvī, festīnātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	festīnō	festīnābam	festīnābō	festīnāvī	festīnāveram	festīnāverō
2nd singular	festīnās	festīnābās	festīnābis	festīnāvistī	festīnāverās	festīnāveris
3rd singular	festīnat	festīnābat	festīnābit	festīnāvit	festīnāverat	festīnāverit
1st plural	festīnāmus	festīnābāmus	festīnābimus	festīnāvimus	festīnāverāmus	festīnāverimus
2nd plural	festīnātis	festīnābātis	festīnābitis	festīnāvistis	festīnāverātis	festīnāveritis
3rd plural	festīnant	festīnābant	festīnābunt	festīnāvērunt	festīnāverant	festīnāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): festīnā/festīnāte. English derivative: festinate.

nāvigō

Verb; 1st conjugation. Meaning: sail, sail across, navigate. Principal parts: nāvigō, nāvigāre, nāvigāvī, nāvigātus.

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	nāvigō	nāvigābam	nāvigābō	nāvigāvī	nāvigāveram	nāvigāverō
2nd singular	nāvigās	nāvigābās	nāvigābis	nāvigāvistī	nāvigāverās	nāvigāveris
3rd singular	nāvigat	nāvigābat	nāvigābit	nāvigāvit	nāvigāverat	nāvigāverit
1st plural	nāvigāmus	nāvigābāmus	nāvigābimus	nāvigāvimus	nāvigāverāmus	nāvigāverimus
2nd plural	nāvigātis	nāvigābātis	nāvigābitis	nāvigāvistis	nāvigāverātis	nāvigāveritis
3rd plural	nāvigant	nāvigābant	nāvigābunt	nāvigāvērunt	nāvigāverant	nāvigāverint

Imperative (singular / plural): nāvigā/nāvigāte. English derivative: navigate.

sedeō

Verb; 2nd conjugation. Meaning: sit. Principal parts: sedeō, sedēre, sēdī, sessūrus

Person	Present	Imperfect	Future	Perfect	Pluperfect	Future perfect
1st singular	sedeō	sedēbam	sedēbō	sēdī	sēderam	sēderō
2nd singular	sedēs	sedēbās	sedēbis	sēdistī	sēderās	sēderis
3rd singular	sedet	sedēbat	sedēbit	sēdit	sēderat	sēderit
1st plural	sedēmus	sedēbāmus	sedēbimus	sēdimus	sēderāmus	sēderimus
2nd plural	sedētis	sedēbātis	sedēbitis	sēdistis	sēderātis	sēderitis
3rd plural	sedent	sedēbant	sedēbunt	sēdērunt	sēderant	sēderint

Imperative (singular / plural): sedē/sedēte. English derivative: sedentary.

facile

Adverb; indeclinable. Meaning and construction: easily. English derivative: facile.

nōn

Adverb; indeclinable. Meaning and construction: not. English derivative: non-.

saepe

Adverb; indeclinable. Meaning: often.

semper

Adverb; indeclinable. Meaning and construction: always. English derivative: sempiternal.

tandem

Adverb; indeclinable. Meaning: finally, at last.

tum

Adverb; indeclinable. Meaning: then, at that time, next.

īnsula

Noun; feminine; 1st declension. Meaning: island.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	īnsula	īnsulae
Genitive	īnsulae	īnsulārum
Dative	īnsulae	īnsulīs
Accusative	īnsulam	īnsulās
Ablative	īnsulā	īnsulīs
Vocative	īnsula	īnsulae

English derivative: insular.

Iuppiter

Noun; masculine; 3rd declension. Meaning: Jupiter.

Case	Singular (proper name)
Nominative	Iuppiter
Genitive	Iovis
Dative	Iovī
Accusative	Iovem
Ablative	Iove
Vocative	Iuppiter

Special note: Proper name; irregular stem Iov-; no ordinary plural. English derivative: Jovian.

Neptūnus

Proper noun; masculine; 2nd declension; normally singular. Meaning: Neptune (Roman god).

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Neptūnus	Neptūnī
Genitive	Neptūnī	Neptūnōrum
Dative	Neptūnō	Neptūnīs
Accusative	Neptūnum	Neptūnōs
Ablative	Neptūnō	Neptūnīs
Vocative	Neptūne	Neptūnī

English derivative: Neptune.