CHEM 103: Chemical Reactions, Aqueous Chemistry, Acids and Bases, Redox, Energy, and Atmospheric Chemistry

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering chemical equations, precipitation reactions, acid-base chemistry, nomenclature, pH, oxidation-reduction, voltaic cells, thermodynamics, and atmospheric ozone/CFC chemistry.

A chemical equation is a shorthand description of a __________.

chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more __________ is converted into one or more different __________.

substances / substances

The chemical formulas on the right side of a reaction arrow represent the __________, while those on the left side represent the __________.

products / reactants

In the chemical equation $2\,Al(NO_3)_3(aq) + 3\,Mg(s) \rightarrow 3\,Mg(NO_3)_2(aq) + 2\,Al(s)$, the state symbol $(aq)$ indicates that $Al(NO_3)_3$ is __________.

dissolved in water

In the reaction $2\,Al(NO_3)_3(aq) + 3\,Mg(s) \rightarrow 3\,Mg(NO_3)_2(aq) + 2\,Al(s)$, there are __________ $Al(NO_3)_3$ reacted for every __________ $Mg(NO_3)_2$ formed.

2 / 3

The coefficients needed to balance the equation ____ $KMnO_4 \rightarrow$ ____ $K_2O +$ ____ $MnO +$ ____ $O_2$ are __________.

4, 2, 4, 5

The proper coefficients to balance the equation ____ $Fe +$ ____ $S \rightarrow$ ____ $Fe_2S_3$ are __________.

2, 3, 1

The coefficients required to balance the equation ____ $Ca_3(PO_4)_2 +$ ____ $SiO_2 \rightarrow$ ____ $P_4O_{10} +$ ____ $CaSiO_3$ are __________.

2, 6, 1, 6

When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the water molecules position themselves such that the oxygen atoms surround the __________, and the hydrogen atoms surround the __________.

cations / anions

When one liquid dissolves in another liquid, the liquid in the greatest concentration is called the __________, and the other liquid is called the __________.

solvent / solute

When solutions of two salts are mixed together, a __________ will appear if one of the anions forms a strong enough ionic bond with one of the cations, such that the newly formed compound is insoluble in water.

precipitate

In the double replacement reaction $Pb(NO_3)_2(aq) + CaSO_4(aq) \rightarrow PbSO_4(\underline{\hspace{0.5cm}}) + Ca(NO_3)_2(\underline{\hspace{0.5cm}})$, the appropriate product state symbols are __________.

s / aq

In the double replacement reaction $MgCl_2(aq) + Na_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow 2\,NaCl(\underline{\hspace{0.5cm}}) + MgCO_3(\underline{\hspace{0.5cm}})$, the appropriate product state symbols are __________.

aq / s

In the double replacement reaction $Pb(NO_3)_2(aq) + BaCl_2(aq) \rightarrow Ba(NO_3)_2(\underline{\hspace{0.5cm}}) + PbCl_2(\underline{\hspace{0.5cm}})$, the appropriate product state symbols are __________.

aq / s

Between the carbonate salts $Na_2CO_3$, $(NH_4)_2CO_3$, and $CaCO_3$, the compound that is insoluble in water is __________.

$$CaCO_3$$

Between the metal hydroxides $Al(OH)_3$, $Mg(OH)_2$, and $KOH$, the compound that is soluble in water is __________.

$$KOH$$

According to both the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry descriptions, when an acid dissolves in water, __________ form.

hydronium ions, $H_3O^+$

$HF(aq)$, $HCl(aq)$, $HBr(aq)$, and $HI(aq)$ are classified as __________ because they contain two atoms, one of which is hydrogen.

binary acids

Acetic acid ($HC_2H_3O_2$) and other similar acids containing multiple oxygen atoms and carbon atoms are classified as __________.

organic acids

Acids are characterized by having a distinct __________ taste.

sour

The proper chemical name for $HBr(aq)$ is __________.

hydrobromic acid

The proper chemical name for $HF(g)$ is __________.

hydrogen fluoride

The name of the oxyacid with the chemical formula $H_3PO_4$ is __________.

phosphoric acid

The chemical formula corresponding to magnesium hydrogen phosphate is __________.

$$MgHPO_4$$

The chemical formula corresponding to copper(I) sulfate is __________.

$$Cu_2SO_4$$

The chemical formula corresponding to beryllium hydrogen carbonate is __________.

$$Be(HCO_3)_2$$

The chemical name that corresponds to the formula $SnCl_4$ is __________.

tin(IV) chloride

The best covalent name for the binary compound $SiO_2$ is __________.

silicon dioxide

A chemical reaction equation written with a single forward arrow ($\rightarrow$) signifies that the reaction __________.

goes to completion

A reaction equation written with two opposing arrows implies that the reaction __________.

does not go to completion

Sodium hydroxide, $NaOH$, is considered a strong base because for every $NaOH$ unit that dissolves in water, __________.

one $OH^-$ ion forms

When $HCl(g)$ dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid, very little __________ is present at equilibrium.

$$HCl(aq)$$

Ammonia ($NH_3$) is classified in aqueous solutions as a __________.

weak base

Between $H_3PO_4$, $HNO_3$, and $HF$, the strong acid is __________.

$$HNO_3$$

Basic solutions are characterized by having a pH __________.

7

As the concentration of $OH^-$ ions in an aqueous solution increases, the pH of the solution __________.

increases

A solution with a pH of 7 has __________ times as many $H_3O^+$ ions as does a solution with a pH of 5.

$$\frac{1}{100}$$

Blue litmus paper turns red when exposed to __________ solutions.

acidic

Universal indicator solution turns blue when exposed to __________ solutions.

basic

If a strong acid is spilled onto the lab bench, it can be neutralized quickly and safely prior to cleanup by pouring a solution of a __________ onto it.

weak base

In an aqueous neutralization reaction, hydroxide ($OH^-$) and hydronium ($H_3O^+$) react to form __________.

water, $H_2O$

The complete and balanced neutralization reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide is $H_2SO_4(aq) + 2\,NaOH(aq) \rightarrow$ __________.

$$2\,H_2O(l) + Na_2SO_4(aq)$$

Carbonic acid ($H_2CO_3$) spontaneously decomposes to form __________.

$$CO_2 + H_2O$$

By definition, a Brønsted-Lowry acid is a __________.

hydrogen ion ($H^+$) donor

In the Brønsted-Lowry definition, a base is a __________.

hydrogen ion ($H^+$) proton acceptor

The formula for the conjugate acid of the hydrogen sulfate ion, $HSO_4^-$, is __________.

$$H_2SO_4$$

The formula for the conjugate acid of the sulfate ion, $SO_4^{2-}$, is __________.

$$HSO_4^-$$

The formula for the conjugate base of acetic acid, $HC_2H_3O_2$, is __________.

$$C_2H_3O_2^-$$

During a chemical reaction, atoms that gain electrons are __________ in the process, whereas atoms that lose electrons are __________.

reduced / oxidized

When aluminum ($Al$) reacts with iodine ($I_2$), electrons are transferred from __________ atoms to __________ atoms.

aluminum / iodine

In the reaction $ZnO(s) + C(s) \xrightarrow{\Delta} Zn(l) + CO(g)$, the reducing agent is __________.

$C$ in $C(s)$

The completed oxidation half-reaction for barium in $Ba(s) + S(g) \rightarrow BaS(s)$ is $Ba \rightarrow Ba^{2+} +$ __________.

$$2e^-$$

In the reduction of iron ore, $Fe_2O_3(s) + 3\,CO(g) \rightarrow 2\,Fe(s) + 3\,CO_2(g)$, iron ($Fe$) is __________.

reduced

In the decomposition reaction $2\,KClO_3(s) \rightarrow 2\,KCl(s) + 3\,O_2(g)$, oxygen ($O$) is __________.

oxidized

Oxidation-reduction reactions between a reactive metal and a nonmetal element occur with __________ electron transfer resulting in the formation of __________ redox products.

complete / ionic

The sum of the oxidation numbers for all the atoms in a neutral compound is equal to __________.

zero

The oxidation number of oxygen ($O$) in carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) is __________.

$$-2$$

The oxidation number of carbon ($C$) in methanol ($CH_3OH$) is __________.

$$-2$$

The oxidation number of zinc in zinc chloride ($ZnCl_2$) is __________.

$$+2$$

In the reaction $3\,S(s) + 3\,H_2O(g) \rightarrow 2\,H_2S(g) + 2\,H_2SO_3(l)$, elemental sulfur atoms are __________.

both oxidized and reduced

A __________ reaction is a reaction in which one compound is converted into two or more compounds.

decomposition

A __________ reaction is a chemical process that results in fewer products than reactants.

combination

A rapid redox reaction, usually involving oxygen and accompanied by the release of heat and light, is classified as a __________ reaction.

combustion

The chemical reaction $Fe_2O_3(s) + 2\,Al(s) \rightarrow Al_2O_3(s) + 2\,Fe(l)$ is classified by reaction type as a __________ reaction.

single-displacement

A battery is an electrochemical device that converts __________ energy into electrical energy using redox reactions.

chemical

In an electrochemical voltaic cell, electrons flow from the site of __________ to the site of __________.

oxidation / reduction

In a discharging battery, oxidation occurs at the __________, which develops a __________ charge.

anode / negative

In a voltaic cell, the __________ reactive metal is positioned at the anode.

more

As a battery discharges, the anode becomes __________ and the cathode becomes __________ until the battery dies.

smaller / larger

In an electrochemical cell, a salt bridge is required in order to maintain __________.

charge balance

The simplest definition of energy is the capacity to do work; work in this context is defined as what is done to __________.

move an object against some sort of resistance

The retrievable, stored form of energy an object possesses by virtue of its position or state is __________ energy.

potential

The magnitude of an object's external kinetic energy is directly related to its __________ and __________.

mass / velocity

Energy must be added to __________ bonds, whereas energy is released when bonds __________.

break / form

The energy of a photon is __________ to its oscillating frequency ($\nu$), and __________ to its wavelength ($\lambda$).

proportional / inversely proportional

The quantity of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is equal to __________.

1 calorie

A photon is characterized as a __________ rapidly moving packet of electromagnetic energy.

massless

If a chemical reaction releases energy as heat into the surroundings, causing the temperature to rise, the reaction is __________.

exothermic

If more heat energy is absorbed during a chemical reaction than is released, the reaction is categorized as __________.

endothermic

An exergonic reaction is defined as one in which __________ is favored at equilibrium.

product formation

If there are more reactants than products present when a chemical reaction comes to equilibrium, the reaction is classified as __________.

endergonic

Under standard conditions, ozone ($O_3$) exists in the __________ state.

gas

Ozone is an effective __________ with industrial applications, though in the lower atmosphere it damages lung tissue and materials.

oxidizing agent

In the stratosphere, 10 to 50 km above Earth's surface, ozone protects life by __________ harmful ultraviolet radiation.

absorbing

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are organic compounds that contain the elements __________, chlorine, and fluorine.

carbon

CFCs were originally manufactured for use as refrigerants and blowing agents because of the beneficial properties of being __________ and __________.

nonflammable / nontoxic

CFCs migrate into the stratosphere because of their __________ and __________.

low chemical reactivity / lack of solubility in water

In the stratosphere, CFCs absorb high-energy UV light and decompose into __________ atoms, which subsequently destroy many ozone molecules.

chlorine