PLTW: HBS - 1.1 - 2.1.2 up to midterm

Adipose Tissue

Connective tissue in which fat is stored and which has the cells distended by droplets of fat.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton.

Axial Skeleton

The skeleton of the trunk and head.

Connective Tissue

Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.

Epithelial Tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.

Femur

The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip to the knee.

Forensic Anthropology

The branch of physical anthropology in which anthropological data, criteria, and techniques are used to determine the sex, age, genetic population, or parentage of skeletal or biological materials in questions of civil or criminal law.

Humerus

The longest bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow.

Pelvis

A basin-shaped structure in the skeleton of many vertebrates that is formed by the pelvic girdle together with the sacrum and other various coccygeal and caudal vertebrae and that in humans is composed of the two hip bones bounding it on each side and in front while the sacrum and coccyx complete if behind.

Skull

The skeleton of the head forming a bony case that encloses and protects the brain and chief sense organs and supports the jaws.

Tibia

The inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle that articulates above with the femur and below with the talus - called also shinbone.

Tissue

An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function

Mandible

The lower jaw, which causes the compressions during breastfeeding helping to milk the breast

Maxilla

Forms most of the upper jaw, and part of the hard palate, contains upper molars, premolars, and canines

Zygomatic Process

A bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bones (checkbone) anteriorly. Together these two form the Zygomatic arch

Frontal Bone

the large cranial bone forming the front part of the cranium: the forehead and the upper part of the orbits

Temporal Bone

bone that forms parts of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial activity. There is a right and left temporal bone.

Occipital Bone

forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium

Parietal Bone

either of two skull bones between the frontal and occipital bones and forming the top and sides of the cranium

Orbicularis Oculi

Muscle that closes the eye

Orbicularis Oris

lip muscle to close lips/kiss

Temporalis

Elevates and retracts mandible

Coccyx

forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together (tailbone)

Sacrum

One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.

Eye Orbit

Eye socket

Zygomatic Bone

cheekbone

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

The first seven bones of the vertebral column (forming the neck) are the

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae; they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

Fibula

The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg

Radius

lateral bone of the forearm

Ulna

Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

Patella

knee bone

Clavicle

collar bone

Metacarpals

bones of the hand

Metatarsals

foot bones

transverse fracture

bone break with fracture line straight across shaft of bone

sprial fracture

Fracture which twists around the bone, may occur from a twisting force

comminuted fracture

bone breaks into many fragments

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

ultrasound imaging

technique for using high-pitched sound waves to form an image

Intramedullary nailing

how are femoral shaft fractures in an adult repaired, with metal put into the medullary cavity of the bone to reinforce the bone from within. Never has to be removed but takes the place of bone marrow.

Fracture plating

An invasive procedure used to treat most bone fractures involving a permanent plate being placed parallel to the fracture on the outside of the bone, and screws driven through the plate and into the bone to keep the fracture stable and allow healing. Commonly used on younger patients so as to not affect their red marrow.

osteoblasts

Bone building cells with many projections (arms) that are found in the periosteum

osteoclasts

large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix, come from the bone marrow

bony callus

step 3 of 4 of fracture healing: when the fibrocartilage callus is converted to spongy bone

Angiogenesis

formation of new blood vessels

hematoma

a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues

growth plates (epiphyseal plates)

Areas of cartilage at the end of long bones; where ossification takes place until the bone is full grown

Frontal Lobe

Responsible for problem-solving, reasoning, personality, and motor skills (movement).

Parietal Lobe

Contains the area where bodily sensations occur, such as touch and pain.

Temporal Lobe

Contains areas important to hearing and understanding speech/language.

Occipital Lobe

Contains areas important to vision.

Medulla Oblongata

Part of brain stem that controls vital autonomic processes like regulation of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Cerebellum

Control of finely coordinated movements. Coordination center, voluntary movement and balance.

Cerebellum image

Cerebrum image

Frontal Lobe image

Medulla Oblongata image

Occipital Lobe image

Parietal Lobe image

Brain Stem image

temporal Lobe image

Spinal Cord

Sends signals between brain and rest of body

Brain Stem

Oldest part of the brain, responsible for survival functions (e.g. breathing, heart beat, etc.); includes medulla and pons; aka "the lizard brain"

Pons

Responsible for coordination and movement (relays messages between cerebrum and cerebellum); involved in sleep, dreams, and attention.

Thalamus

Relays information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.

Limbic System

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Pituitary Gland, Hypothalamus; involved in emotion

Hippocampus

Helps to form memories ("hippo never forgets")

Amygdala

Fight or flight, emotional center, anger or fear, happy or sad

Hypothalamus

Controls body temperature (the body's thermostat), circadian rhythms, and thirst and hunger, and smell.

Pituitary gland

The "master" endocrine gland, responsible for growth.

Corpus Callosum

Thick band that connects left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Cerebrum

Information processing, outer layer of brain.

Lobes of the cerebrum

Occipital, Temporal, Parietal, Frontal

motor cortex

area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

sensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes senses, body touch, and movement

Broca's area

controls language expression - an area in the frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Role of the nervous system

-coordinates all body systems

-detects and responds to stimuli

-brain and spinal cord act as switching centers

-nerves carry messages to and from centers

CNS

central nervous system

PNS

peripheral nervous system

how do central and peripheral nervous system work together?

The nerves of the PNS extend from the central nervous system to the outermost areas of the body. The peripheral system allows the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body, which allows us to react to stimuli in our environment.

How did Henry Molasion's surgery pave the way for further exploration?

While the surgery was successful, it led to H.M. suffering from anterograde amnesia, in which he could no longer form or keep new memories. His case was important as scientists figured out the function of the hippocampus and studied memory and cognitive abilities of the portions of the brain responsible for memory.

Why is the story of Phineas Gage considered so extraordinary? What does his story teach us about the brain?

He survived a pole through his head and his changed personality was linked with his head injury