Chemistry 1205 Exam 1 Review

Physical Property

Can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the material

Physical Change

alters a material without chaning its composition

Chemical Change

converts one substance into another

Pure substance

composed of only a single component (atom or compound) and has a constant composition regarless of sample size; cannot be broken down by a physical change

Mixture

composed of more than one component; have varying composition; can be broken down by a physical change

Element

a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction

Compound

a pure substance that is made up of two or more elements

What is the base unit for mass in the metric system?

Gram (g)

What is the base unit for length in the metric system?

Meter (m)

What is the base unit for volume in the metric system?

Liter (L)

What is the base unit for time in the metric system?

Second (s)

What is 1cm³ also equal to?

1mL or 1 cc

What is the order from biggest to smallest of prefixes?

Giga (G), Mega (M), Kilo (K), Base, Deci (d), Centi (c), Milli (m), Micro (μ), Nano (n)

Significant figures

all the digits in a measured number including one estimated digit

Do leading zeros in a number count?

ex (0.000024)

No

Do lagging zeros in a number count?

ex (56,700,000)

No

Does the zero count if it is between two nonzero digits?

ex (3,508)

Yes

Do the zeros count at the end of a number with a decimal place?

ex (363.9400)

Yes

Rules for significant figures when multiplying and dividing

Answer has the same number of significant figures as the original number with the fewest significant figures

Rules for addition and subtracting

Answer has the same number of decimal places as the original number with the fewest decimal places

Formula for scientific notation

y x 10^x

Three types of temperature scales

Degrees Fahrenheit (F)

Degrees Celcius (C)

Kelvin (K)

Density

physical property that relates the mass of a substance to its volume

Formula for density

Density=Mass/Volume

Specific Gravity

compares density of a substance with the density of water at the same temperature

Formula for specific gravity

Specific Gravity=Density of a substance/Density of water

Does specific gravity have a unit?

No

Atom

building blocks of matter

Atomic Structure

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Where are protons and neutrons found in an atom?

Nucleus

Where are electrons found in an atom?

electron cloud/electron shell

Isotope

atos of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

Isotope formula

Alpha particle (α)

mass of 4, charge of 2+

Beta particle (β^-)

no significant mass, charge of -1

Positron (β⁺)

charge of +1; no significant mass

Radioactive decay

process by which an unstable radioactive nucleus emits radiation

Half-Life

time it takes for one-half of a sample to decay

Radiation Penetration

Arrangement of periods on the periodic table

Arrangement of groups on the periodic table

Main Group Elements

Groups 1A-8A

Transition Metal Elements

1B-8B

Inner Transition Metal Elements

Lanthanides and actinides

Alkali metals

Alkaline Earth Metals

Noble Gases

Halogens

Chalcogens

Pnictogens

Group number determines what?

Number of valence electrons

Ionic Bonding

transfer of electrons

Covalent Bonding

sharing electrons

Cation

positively charges ion

Anion

negatively charged ion

Ammonium

NH₄⁺

charge of ammonium

1+

Hydronium

H₃O⁺

charge of hydronium

1+

Acetate

CH₃CO₂^-

charge of acetate

1-

Bicarbonate

HCO₃^-

charge of bicarbonate

1-

Cyanide

CN^-

charge of cyanide

1-

Hydroxide

OH^-

charge of hydroxide

1-

Nitrate

NO₃^-

charge of nitrate

1-

Carbonate

CO₃^2-

charge of carbonate

2-

Chromate

CrO₄^2-

charge of chromate

2-

Sulfate

SO₄^2-

charge of sulfate

2-

Phosphate

PO₄^3-

charge of phosphate

3-

Solid

definite shape and volume, fixed arrangement of very close particles

Liquid

fixed volume that takes the shape of the container it is in, randomly, but close arranged particles

Gas

No definite shape, expands to fit container, particles are randomly arranged disorganized and far apart

Avogadros Number

6.022 × 10²³

Exothermic reaction

more energy is release than absorbed

Endothermic reaction

more energy is absorbed than released

Equilibrium

when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

Effect on reaction when temperature is increased

reaction rate increases

When you increase the reactants what happens to the reaction rate

increases towards the right

When you increase the products what happens to the reaction rate

increases towards the left

Le Chatelier’s Principle

if a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed (or stressed), the system will react in a direction that counteracts the disturbance (relieves the stress)

Deposition

Gas to solid

Sublimation

solid to gas

Vaporization

Liquid to gas

Condensation

Gas to liquid

Freezing

liquid to solid

Melting

solid to liquid

Boiling

liquid to gas

prefix for 1

mono-

prefix for two

di-

prefix for three

tri-

prefix for four

tetra-

prefix for five

penta-