BIO103 unit 3

metabolism

all the chemical reactions that transpire inside cells

CO₂ and sugar

during photosynthesis, plants use energy from the sun to convert ______ into ______

atp

energy currency of the cell

18 ATP and 12 NADPH

what is needed to make 1 glucose from 6 carbon dioxides

anabolic

pathways that require energy and build molecules

catabolic

pathways that release energy and break down molecules

energy

the ability to do work

kinetic energy

what kind of energy do objects in motion have

potiential energy

what kind of energy do objects with stored energy have

kinetic energy

potiential energy is converted to ______ when the ball drops

chemical energy

potiential energy that exists within chemical bonds

<0

if energy is released, then the value of △G will be ______

>0

if a reaction requires energy, then △G will be ______

endergonic

anabolic processes are ______

exergonic

catabolic processes are ______

activation energy

the initial amount of energy required for the reaction to occur

lower

catalysts ______ the activation energy

unchanged

the △G is ______ in catalyzed reactions

thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations

the first law of thermodynamics

energy can’t be created or destroyed

3 phosphates

ATP contains an adenosine backbone, a ribose sugar and ______

proteins

enzymes are what type of macromolecule

substrates

the reactants to which enzymes bind substrates

active site

the location where the enzyme binds

true

enzymes are specific to their substrates (T/F)

true

enzymes remain unchanged after a reaction and are therefore reusable

the sun

what is the ultimate source of energy that green plants use to produce their own food

foods like glucose

all organisms use the energy from ______ to add a phosphate group onto ADP to make ATP

autotrophs

organisms that can make their own food

heterotrophs

organisms that obtain energy from the food they eat

true

ATP is made up of a ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups (T/F)

true

ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate and releases energy (T/F)

true

ATP provides energy for active transport in cells (T/F)

false - everything

only heterotrophs make and use ATP (T/F)

ATP

what molecule do cells use to store energy

ATP

adenosine trisphosphate

2

how many phosphates are in one molecule of ADP

3

how many phosphates are in one molecule of ATP

absorb energy from light

pigments like (chlorophyll and carotene) are molecules that plants use to ______

red, blue-violet, yellow

chlorophyll absorbs light very well in the ______ regions of the visible spectrum

green

many plants appear green because chlorophyll reflects ______ light

oxygen

a student conducts an experiment by collecting the gas given off by a green plant in bright sunlight at room temperature. the gas being collected is probably ______

6

how many molecules of carbon dioxide (CO₂) are used to make one molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₂)

sunlight and chlorophyll

in addition to water and carbon dioxide, what things are required for photosynthesis to happen

the temperature breaks down chlorophyll

why are colors like red, orange, and brown visible in leaves in the fall but not other times

thylakoid membrane

photosystems 1 and 2 are part of the ______

the Calvin Cycle

light-dependent reactions

H⁺ ions build up in the space as water is split and electron transporters pump protons into the space

the thylakoid space becomes filled with H⁺ ions during the light-dependent reactions. where are they coming from?

light dependent reactions

high energy electrons move through the electron transport chain, pigments in photosystems 1 and 2 absorb light, and ATP synthase helps H⁺ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membrane into the stroma

Calvin Cycle

also called the light-independent reactions, ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used here and high energy compounds are made from CO₂

beginning of photosynthesis

pigments in photosystem 2 absorb light

ATP and NADPH

what acts as carriers for energy and high energy electrons during photosynthesis

takes place in the stroma

the Calvin Cycle is different from light-dependent reactions because it ______

released into the atmosphere

oxygen produced during the light-dependent reaction is ______

true

carbon dioxide molecules enter the light-dependent reactions from the atmosphere

false - O₂

the light-dependent reaction produces ATP, NADPH, and CO₂

true

ATP synthase spins like a turbine as H⁺ ions pass through it to generate ATP

glycolysis

the first step in cellular respiration that beigns releasing energy stored in glucose

fermentation

if oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by ______

anaerobic

since fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be ______

1 Calorie

1000 calories

NAD⁺

high energy electron carrier that is regenerated during fermentation that allows cells to continue to make ATP using glycolysis

NADH and FADH₂

name the new high energy electron carriers used during cellular respiration that are different than the one used for photosynthesis

2

how many ATP molecules are added to get glycolysis started

2 ATP

since glycolysis produces 4 ATP molecules, this reults in a net gain of ______

alcoholic fermentation

yeast used this to make bread dough rise

lactic acid fermentation

muscle cells use this during rapid excercise when oxygen is low

Krebs cycle

the carbons from pyruvic acid are broken down in a series of steps into CO₂, a small amount of ATP is made, FAD and NAD⁺ are charged up to FADH2 and NADH

aerobic

because cellular respiration requires oxygen, it is said to be ______

alcoholic fermentation

pyruvic acid reacts with NADH to make alcohol and release CO2 and NAD⁺ is regenerated

cellular respiration

requires oxygen

36

total # of ATP molecules produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration

6

total # of CO₂ molecules produced by 1 molecule of glucose completing cellular respiration

ATP, NADH, FADH₂, CO₂

which of the following are produced during the Krebs cycle

oxygen

what molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC

water

when oxygen recieves electrons at the end of the ETC which molecule is produced

H⁺ ions

the movement of which ion across the membrane from the intermembrane space to the matrix causes ATP synthase to spin and make ATP

electron transport

stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP

fat

when exercising for extended periods of time, ______ can be used to make ATP when glucose is used up

electron transport chain

energy from the moving electrons transports H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space, energy from H⁺ ions crossing back into the matrix causes ATP synthase to make ATP, water is produced