science test study guide

What is energy?

The ability to cause change

What is volume?

The amount of space something takes up

What is force?

A push or a pull

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

Kinetic- energy of motion

Potential- stored energy

What are two forms of potential energy? Define each.

Gravitational- stored energy due to its height above

Elastic- Energy, stored and objects that are stretched or compressed

What is mechanical energy?

The sum of potential and kinetic energy

What is the difference between energy transfer and energy transformation?

Energy transfer- The movement of energy

Energy transformation- Energy changes from one type to another

What unit do we use for energy?

joules (J)

What is work?

Energy transferred to or from an object when a force makes it move

What is a system?

An object or a group of objects that work together

Describe the difference between open, closed, isolated systems.

Open- Energy in mass can escape

Closed- Energy, not mass can transfer out

Isolated- Neither mass nor energy can leave or enter

What are states of matter?

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Draw the particles of a solid. Describe it.

Does not take the shape of their container

Definite shape and volume

Difficult to compress

Particles vibrate in place

Draw the particles of a liquid. Describe it.

Volume says the same

Shape can change

Difficult to compress

Flow

Draw the particles of a gas. Describe it.

Can change shape and volume

Can compress

Flow

What temperature scales did we talk about?

Fahrenheit

Celsius

Kelvin

What is the difference between temperature, thermal energy, and internal energy?

Temperature- A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles

Thermal energy- The sum of the kinetic energy of particles in something

Internal energy- The sum of the kinetic AND potential energy of particles

What is Absolute zero? What happens?

0 Kelvin

All particles stop moving

What do the thermometers do?

Measure temperature

Do solids or gasses have a greater attractive force between particles? Why?

Solids because the particles are more contracted

Do solids or gasses have a greater potential energy between particles? Why?

Gases because the particles are farther apart

What is heat? What direction does it move?

A transfer of thermal energy because of the difference in temperature

HOT TO COLD

Define conduction, convection, and radiation. Given an example of each.

Conduction- heat moves through contact : a spoon in a hot bowl of soup

Convection- heat moves through gases or liquid : boiling water

Radiation- heat travels by waves and does not need contact : feeling the warmth from a fire without touching it

What are atoms?

A small particle that is the building block of matter

What is a substance?

Matter with a composition that is always the same

What is an element?

Substance is made of one type of atom

Who’s law is this?

Charles’

Who’s law is this?

Boyle’s

Whos law is this?

Gay-Lussac’s

If I add more particles to a system, what happens to its pressure?

It increases

What is thermal expansion?

An increase in volume as the temperature increases (gases)

What is the thermal contraction?

Decrease volume as temperature decreases (gases)

What is pressure?

Force / area

What are the three units of pressure we talked about in class?

ATM, PSi, PA

What are phase changes?

Going from one state of matter to another

What is sublimation?

Solid to gas

What is deposition?

Gas to solid

What is condensation?

Gas to liquid

What is vaporization?

Liquid to gas

What is melting?

Solid to liquid

What is freezing?

Liquid to solid