Unit 3 Bio

Prokaryote cell wall

(composed of peptidoglycan) provides the cell with strength and support. It prevents the cell from bursting. 

Cytoplasm

Most of the metabolism that occurs in the cell occurs mostly composed of water.

Plasma Membrane

controls what enters and exits the cell. is composed of phospholipids.

70s ribosomes

for a prokaryote and responsible for protein synthesis.

Nucleoid Region

contains a single circular chromosome. The chromosome contains DNA (no protein) contains the genetic information for the growth and development of the cell

Flagellum

is responsible for locomotion. Bacillus bacteria have flagella, but Staphylococcus do not.

pillus

allow bacteria to adhere to each other and other surfaces.

also allow the exchange of genetic material between bacteria.

Bacillus bacteria have , but Staphylococcus do not.

prokaryotic cell

have a simple cell structure without compartmentalism. ex: Bacillus and Staphylococcus.

eukaryotic cell

have chromosomes located in a nucleus, as well as a variety of membrane bound organelles. All animals, fungi and plants are eukaryotes.

80S Ribosomes

eukaryotic and do protein synthesis

nucleus

Chromosomes associated with histone proteins are located in has a double membrane with pores which allow mRNA to enter the cytoplasm

chromosomes

are composed of DNA wrapped around histone proteins. The DNA is the genetic material with information for growth and development of the cell.

mitochondrion

Aerobic respiration, producing ATP.

vacuoles

Plants have large involved in storing nutrients.

Small are found in animal cells, and are involved in the removal of waste.

lysosome

are specialised vesicles, which contain enzymes. They are involved in the digestion of large molecules.

Rough ER

is a  membrane structure with ribosomes attached. It is the site of protein synthesis, and  is involved in transporting proteins to the Golgi Apparatus.

Smooth ER

is a membrane structure without ribosomes attached. It is involved in lipid synthesis, and detoxification.

Golgi Apparatus

modifies and packages proteins to be exported from the cell.

Cytoskeleton

is composed of protein microtubules, and is involved in maintaining cell shape, moving organelles, and nuclear division (mitosis and meiosis).

similarities between prokaryote and eukaryote

A phospholipid plasma membrane which controls what enters and exits the cell. Cytoplasm where most metabolism occurs. DNA as the genetic material. Ribosomes for protein synthesis.

homeostasis

is the maintenance of internal conditions within a narrow range 

metabolism

is the complex network of interdependent and interacting chemical reactions occurring in living organisms.

Nutrition

is the processes that organisms use to obtain and use food (nutrients) for growth and development.

Movement

is the changing of the position of the organism.

excretion

is the removal of metabolic waste

growth

is the increase in mass or size of an organism.

response to stimuli

is the ability of organisms to respond to internal or external stimuli.

reproduction

is the production of offspring.

Aseptate gunal hyphae

multiple nucleuses

skeletal muscle cell

multiple nucleouses

red blood cells

no nucleus

Phloem sieve tube elements

no nucleus

stem cells

Unidffertaited cells, capable of differentiating into specialzed cells, capable of endlessly reproducing

Multicellularity

Many fungi, eukaryotic algae and all animals and plants are, evolved specialized tissues to carry out a range of functions, resulting in more efficient organisms, leading to longer life spans. The specialized tissue allows more efficient use of resources.

electron microscope

Greater magnification and resolution, The greater resolution allows scientists to see greater detail within cells, so that small structures such as ribosomes can be seen.

Cryogenic Electron Microscopy 

allows scientists to view proteins and other biomolecules which do not readily crystalise. 

Freeze Fracture Electron Microscopy

used to examine the ultrastructure of rapidly frozen biological samples, such as plasma membranes.

Fluorescent Stains and Immunofluorescence in Light Microscopy.

technique used  to visualize a specific protein or antigen in cells or tissue by binding a specific antibody chemically attached to a fluorescent dye.