Geography - 1.2 Changing Urban Systems

Natural Increase

Considered to be a major driver of urbanization in many industrializing countries.

Urbanization

The process whereby populations move from rural to urban areas, enabling cities and towns to grow.

Gentrification

Rebuilding or renovation of houses and buildings in a typically urban, low

Central

Place Theory

Suburbanization

The movement of typically wealthy individuals to the outskirts of the city.

Reurbanization

A movement of wealthy and/or more youthful individuals back into inner city areas.

Counterurbanization/De

urbanization

Index of Economic Development

Shows rural

Urban Renewal & Regeneration

The revitalization and redevelopment of inner city industrialized areas.

Urban Sprawl

Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas influenced by land size/hospitable areas, pull factors, governance/land use changes, and land ownership.

Centrifugal Movement

The outward movement of people from the city center to the suburbs and surrounding countryside.

Redlining

Discriminatory practice in which a mortgage lender denies loans or an insurance provider restricts services to certain areas of a community.

Van den Berg Model of Core

Periphery Change

FUR

Rural

Growth Regimes under Resource Constraints

The three stages in urban dynamics under resource accessibility constraints.

Place

Places can be identified at a variety of scales, from local territories to the national or state level.

Processes

Human or physical mechanisms of change, such as migration or weathering, operating on varying timescales.

Structured Response Questions

Questions worth 6 marks or fewer.

Extended Response Questions

Questions worth 10 marks or more.

Cultural Diversity

Places can be compared according to their cultural or physical diversity or disparities in wealth or resource endowment.

Spatial Interactions

Considered interactions between places that may be real or perceived.

Gentrification Effects

Changes the culture of a place, for better or for worse, and improves business within the area.

Anti

gentrifiers

Pull Factors

Attractions drawing people to urban areas.

Push Factors

Conditions driving people away from rural areas.

Kolkata Urbanization

Natural population increase due to urban migration.

Suburbia Growth

Post

GI Bill

Legislation providing home loans to veterans.

Levittown

Mass

White Flight

Migration of whites from urban to suburban areas.

Gentrification in Seoul

Increased property prices due to mass tourism.

Commercialization

Transformation of areas to attract tourists.

Suburbanization USA (1945

Counter

Urbanization

Metropolitan Poor

Low

Cultural Landscapes

Unique local characteristics of urban areas.

Gentrification in Paris

Rising property prices displacing long

Suburbanization UK (1950s)

Post

East European Suburbanization

Delayed growth post

Infrastructure Expansion

Development of transport links connecting suburbs to cities.

Displacement

Forced relocation of residents due to urban changes.

Rural Job Insecurity

Low

Urban Renovation

Restoration of buildings to improve urban conditions.

Social Mixing

Interaction between low

Suburbanization Rates

Influenced by housing affordability and regulations.

Van den Berg Model

Describes core

Urban System Decrease

Population shifts from rural areas to suburbs.

Urban Lifestyle Drive

Desire to leave urban living conditions.

Middle

Class Suburbanization

Suburban Communities

Built to isolate from drug war violence.

Government

Driven Decentralization

Suburban Satellite Towns

Government

Market

Driven Suburbanization

Infrastructure Growth in Lagos

High

Public Transport Limitations

Access restricted to major roads in cities.

Private Infrastructure Projects

Road expansions and transportation by private companies.

Water Supply Demands

Met by companies like Iju and Adiyan Waterworks.

Eko Atlantic

Privately funded coastal city project in Lagos.

Eko Atlantic Opportunities

Provides jobs and services, protects coastline.

Eko Atlantic Concerns

Increases pressure on neighboring communities.

Power in Geography

Ability to influence change at various scales.

Possibilities in Geography

Alternative futures modeled by geographers.

Equity and Security

Gained or lost through powerful interactions.