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BICEPS TENDON RUPTURE - Symptoms

Bruising tracking down forearm due to gravity, bulge near shoulder due to biceps brachii contracting upwards.

BICEPS TENDON RUPTURE - Problems

Weakened elbow flexion and supination.

BICEPS TENDON RUPTURE - Tests

Confirmed with soft tissue imaging modalities such as ultrasound and MRI.

BICEPS TENDON RUPTURE - Management

1. Conservative - not ideal for full tears. 2. Medical - analgesia and anti-inflammatories. 3. Surgery - reattach biceps tendon.

SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Symptoms

Visible deformity.

SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Problems

Median nerve and brachial artery at risk.

SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Tests

Median nerve examination and radiograph of elbow.

SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Management

Emergency surgery for neurovascular compromise; cast immobilisation for undisplaced fractures.

MALUNION AFTER SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Symptoms

Left cubitus valgus deformity and potentially ulnar claw.

MALUNION AFTER SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Problems

Ulnar nerve function disruption.

MALUNION AFTER SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Tests

Ulnar nerve examination and MRI.

MALUNION AFTER SUPRACONDYLAR HUMERUS FRACTURE - Management

Ulnar nerve transposition surgery.

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS - Symptoms

Pain around outer aspect of elbow, weak and painful grip.

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS - Tests

Active wrist extension against resistance and power grip test.

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS - Management

Conservative (physiotherapy, rest), medical (NSAIDs), intervention (steroid injections), surgery (rare).

MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS - Symptoms

Pain around inner aspect of elbow, weak and painful grip.

MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS - Tests

Active wrist flexion against resistance and power grip test.

MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS - Management

Conservative (physiotherapy, rest), medical (NSAIDs), intervention (steroid injections), surgery (rare).

HUMERUS FRACTURE - Symptoms

Bruising and swelling mid arm, potentially wrist drop.

HUMERUS FRACTURE - Problems

Disrupted radial nerve function, weakened power grip, damage to profunda brachii artery.

HUMERUS FRACTURE - Tests

Radial nerve function test and radiograph.

HUMERUS FRACTURE - Management

Conservative (humeral brace), medical (analgesia), surgical (open reduction and internal fixation).

SHOULDER DISLOCATION - Symptoms

Severe pain in shoulder, abnormal contour, inability to abduct shoulder past 40 degrees.

SHOULDER DISLOCATION - Problems

Axillary nerve damage and musculocutaneous nerve injury.

SHOULDER DISLOCATION - Tests

Axillary nerve function test and radiograph.

SHOULDER DISLOCATION - Management

Reduction and document sensory loss before and after.

BREAST CANCER - Symptoms

Nipple contraction and P'eau d'orange.

BREAST CANCER - Tests

Careful examination of the axilla.

BREAST CANCER - Management

Mastectomy and axillary node clearance.

ERB'S PALSY - Causes

Forced separation of head from shoulder.

ERB'S PALSY - Symptoms

Waiter's tip position.

ERB'S PALSY - Tests

Sensory and motor function tests.

ERB'S PALSY - Management

Physiotherapy.

KLUMPKE'S PALSY - Causes

Hyperabduction traction injury or penetrating trauma.

KLUMPKE'S PALSY - Symptoms

Ulnar claw-like hand with hyperextension of MCPJs.

KLUMPKE'S PALSY - Tests

Sensory tests and Froment's test.

ROTATOR CUFF TEAR - Risk Factors

Normal wear and tear, repetitive lifting, sports injuries.

ROTATOR CUFF TEAR - Symptoms

Pain in shoulder, difficulty raising arm.

ROTATOR CUFF TEAR - Tests

Full range of movement assessment and radiograph.

ROTATOR CUFF TEAR - Management

Conservative for tendinitis, surgical for tears.

DISTAL RADIAL FRACTURES - Symptoms

Pain and deformity around wrist.

DISTAL RADIAL FRACTURES - Tests

Neurovascular examination and radiograph.

DISTAL RADIAL FRACTURES - Management

Immediate analgesia, manipulation, and immobilization.

SCAPHOID FRACTURE - Symptoms

Pain and swelling around wrist, tenderness over anatomical snuffbox.

SCAPHOID FRACTURE - Problems

Avascular necrosis of proximal scaphoid.

SCAPHOID FRACTURE - Tests

Radiograph/CT/MRI.

SCAPHOID FRACTURE - Management

Non-operative with thumb spica cast or operative for displaced fractures.

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - Symptoms

Pins and needles, numbness in thumb and index fingers.

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - Tests

Tinel's test and Phalen's test.

CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME - Management

Conservative (splinting), medical (NSAIDs), surgical release.

DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE - Symptoms

Fixed flexion deformity affecting digit 4.

DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE - Tests

Ultrasound/MRI.

DUPUYTREN'S CONTRACTURE - Management

Conservative treatment, collagenase injection, surgical options.

DAMAGES TO SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE - Symptoms

Weakness of trapezius, drooping shoulder.

DAMAGES TO SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE - Tests

Raise shoulders against resistance.

DAMAGES TO SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE - Management

Conservative management or surgical repair.

SPINAL STENOSIS - Symptoms

Long history of neck pain, progressive weakness.

SPINAL STENOSIS - Tests

Radiograph, CT, MRI.

SPINAL STENOSIS - Management

Conservative and surgical options.

PNEUMOTHORAX - Symptoms

Sharp pain on breathing.

PNEUMOTHORAX - Tests

Radiograph.

PNEUMOTHORAX - Management

Analgesia, observation, needle aspiration if symptomatic.

PANCOAST TUMOUR - Symptoms

Persistent cough, unilateral arm pain, Horner's syndrome.

PANCOAST TUMOUR - Tests

Biopsy, CT, PET.

PANCOAST TUMOUR - Management

Symptomatic management, chemoradiotherapy, palliative care.

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM - Symptoms

Hypovolemic shock, severe low back pain.

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM - Tests

Radiograph, ultrasound, CT.

ABDOMINAL AORTIC ANEURYSM - Management

Resuscitation, prompt surgical repair.

PEPTIC ULCER - Symptoms

Severe epigastric pain, gastrointestinal bleeding.

PEPTIC ULCER - Problems

Perforation at anterior or posterior stomach wall.

PEPTIC ULCER - Tests

Radiograph.

PEPTIC ULCER - Management

Manage risk factors and treatments for ulcer.

KIDNEY STONES - Symptoms

Severe colicky pain, blood in urine.

KIDNEY STONES - Tests

Radiograph and CT.

KIDNEY STONES - Management

Immediate analgesia, surgical decompression if needed.

HORSESHOE KIDNEY - Symptoms

Dull, aching loin pain.

HORSESHOE KIDNEY - Problems

PUJ obstruction, recurrent UTIs.

HORSESHOE KIDNEY - Management

No treatment unless complications arise.

PROSTATE CANCER - Symptoms

Urinary frequency, nocturia, back pain.

PROSTATE CANCER - Tests

Microscopic haematuria, rectal examination.

PROSTATE CANCER - Management

Prostatectomy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.

OVARIAN CANCER - Symptoms

Abdominal heaviness, pelvic pain, weight loss.

OVARIAN CANCER - Tests

Ultrasound, CT, MRI.

OVARIAN CANCER - Management

Surgical evaluation and chemotherapy.

TESTICULAR TORSION - Symptoms

Severe pain in testicle, nausea.

TESTICULAR TORSION - Tests

Ultrasound with doppler.

TESTICULAR TORSION - Management

Immediate surgical intervention.

VARICOCELE - Symptoms

Dragging sensation, visible bulging veins.

VARICOCELE - Tests

CT.

VARICOCELE - Additional information

More common on the left side due to anatomical factors.

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - Risk factors

Recent pregnancy, recent surgery, immobility.

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - Symptoms

Shortness of breath, leg pain.

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - Tests

CT and ultrasound with doppler.

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS - Management

Oxygen, pain relief, anticoagulation.

VARICOSE VEINS - Risk factors

Immobility, pregnancy, genetics.

VARICOSE VEINS - Symptoms

Visible bulging veins, swollen ankles.

VARICOSE VEINS - Management

Compression therapy and surgery.

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP - Symptoms

Asymmetric creases and difficulty spreading hips.

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP - Tests

Ultrasound, radiograph.

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP - Management

Pavlik harness and physiotherapy.