World History - Industrialization & Imperialism Review Guide

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key terms, technological innovations, historical figures, and concepts of Industrialization and Imperialism.

Natural Resources (in British Industrialization)

Key materials including coal to power machines and iron to build machines and railroads.

2nd Agricultural Revolution

A period of new farming techniques and technology that increased food production, spurred population growth, and pushed farmers into cities to provide labor for factories.

Enclosure Acts

Laws through which landowners fenced off land, forcing many small farmers to relocate to cities and work in factories.

Capital

Profits generated from trade, agriculture, and business that could be invested into factories, machines, mines, and transportation.

Entrepreneurs

Individuals who start a business and take on financial risk to earn a profit.

Putting-Out System

A production method where merchants supplied materials to workers who manufactured goods at home and returned the finished products for payment.

James Hargreaves

The inventor of the spinning jenny, which helped advance and spread textile production.

Edmund Cartwright

The inventor of the power loom, which used mechanical power to weave cloth more quickly than hand weaving.

Richard Arkwright

The inventor of the water frame, which spun cotton thread quickly and strongly, and the pioneer of the modern factory system.

James Watt

The innovator who improved the steam engine to make steam power more efficient for factories, mines, and transportation, reducing the need for factories to sit directly by rivers.

Henry Cort

The developer of puddling, a process that made iron stronger, less brittle, and more malleable for constructing tools, bridges, and rails.

Bessemer Process

A method invented by Sir Henry Bessemer that used blasts of air to remove impurities from molten iron, producing steel faster, cheaper, stronger, and more durable than iron.

Imperialism

The extension of a country's power over another territory or people through political, economic, military, or cultural control.

Direct Rule

A colonial governance system where imperial officials sent from the controlling country rule a territory themselves.

Indirect Rule

A colonial governance system where the imperial power governs through local rulers or officials who follow instructions.

Partition of Africa

Also called the Scramble for Africa; the rapid division and conquest of African territories by European powers to secure resources, markets, strategic locations, and political influence.

Berlin Conference

A meeting where European countries divided Africa among themselves without African representation.

King Leopold II

The Belgian king responsible for brutal exploitation in the Congo, where millions of Congolese died collecting rubber until international pressure forced him to give it up in 1908.

Henry Stanley

The explorer who assisted King Leopold II in establishing control over the Congo.

King Menelik II

The Ethiopian leader who defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa, successfully protecting Ethiopia's independence.

British East India Company

A commercial entity that grew to exercise political and military control in South Asia by maintaining an army, collecting taxes, and controlling vast territories.

Sepoy Rebellion

An 1857 rebellion by Indian soldiers against British control over policy resentments, loss of authority, economic pressures, and threats to religious practices; it ended company rule and instituted direct British control.

British Raj

The period of direct rule over India by the British government following the Sepoy Rebellion.

Viceroy

The British monarch's official representative and the top-ranking British administrator in India during the British Raj.

Trade Surplus

A trade condition identified in the notes as importing more than exporting, characterized as good for a country.

Trade Deficit

A trade condition identified in the notes as exporting more than importing, characterized as bad for a country.

Hong Xiuquan

The leader of the Taiping Rebellion who sought to overthrow and replace China's Qing dynasty with a new government.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive internal uprising directed against China's Qing government.

Spheres of Influence

Designated areas where foreign powers held exclusive control over trade and economic activities in China.

Open Door Policy

A United States policy that supported equal commercial and trading access for all nations in China.

Boxer Uprising

An anti-foreign and anti-Christian rebellion suppressed by an international force, forcing China to pay a large indemnity and increasing foreign influence.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The military government that kept Japan largely isolated from foreign nations.

Commodore Matthew Perry

The American naval commander who arrived in Japan with a fleet and demanded that Japanese ports open to American ships.

Meiji Reformation

A period during which Japan rapidly modernized its industry, government, and military, establishing railroads, an education system, a currency, a tax system, a constitution, and a conscript military.

Sino-Japanese War

A military conflict in which Japan defeated China, gaining control of Taiwan and establishing influence over Korea.

Russo-Japanese War

A military conflict in which Japan defeated Russia, elevating Japan to the status of a major world power.