33. Bovine Pregnancy Problems

What is it called when there is fetal death with failure to expel the fetus followed by absorption of placental and fetal fluids?

Mummification

What is happening with the CL and cervix if mummification is occurring?

- CL persists

- cervix is closed

T/F Uterus contracts tightly around the mummy

True (due to CL being present and cervix closed)

Here is a list of animals that are affected by Mummification

Cattle

Swine

Goats

Horses

Sheep

Feline

Canine

What species is most likely to have mummification of the fetus?

Swine ( due to parvovirus)

What species is least likely to have mummification of the fetus?

horse

If a horse does have a mummy fetus, what is usually the cause?

twins

What causes mumification in the feline?

ectopic pregnancy and uterine torsion

What causes mummification in the dog?

herpesvirus

When does mummification in the cow usually occur?

3-8 months

What are the TWO viral causes of mummification in cattle?

- BVD

- BT, others

What are the protazoal causes of mummification in cattle? (3)

- Neospora caninum

- Tritrichomonas fetus

- Toxoplasma gondii

What causes mummification in small ruminants more commonly?

A. Neospora caninum

B. Tritrichomonas fetus

C. Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii

What non suppurative bacteria causes mummification in cattle?

lepto

T/F The pathogenesis behind mummification in cattle is SUDDEN fetal death

True

What are some causes of sudden fetal. death thus leading to mummification in cattle? (5)

- overwhelming viral infection

- interference with blood supply

- inadequate placentation

- umbilical cord torsion

- genetic metabolic disorder

What is a Hematic fetal mummy?

hereditary disorder where there is hemorrhage into placental

interface

What are the cattle breeds that get Hematic mummies?

- channel island breeds

- guernsey, jersey

What fetal mummification is being described below?

- Parchment like skin

- Death without putrefaction

- Bird like appearance

Papayraceous

Look at slide 8 for a pic bc i dont want quizlet to flag it :)

okay fine

What is the most common type of mummifcation that occurs in all species and the fetuses have parchement like skin and bird like features?

Papayraceous

What causes Papayraceous mummification in cattle?

BVD

What causes Papayraceous mummification in Swine?

parvo

How do you diagnose mummification?

usually find mummified fetus(es) along with live fetus(es)

T/F Mummification is a rare ocurance in farrowing barns

False, it is common ( this is swine)

If a cow presents with prolonged gestation and you feel a Mass in uterus but fetal fluids are absent and CL is present. What is the incidental finding at this herd check?

Mummy

Let see if you actually read that paragraph. When a mummy is present, what happens to the fetal fluid and the CL?

- fetal fluids are absent

- CL is present

What is the primary treatment for mummified fetuses?

Lyse the Cl with PGF2α

What happens when the CL is lysed?

Progesterone falls, Cervix opens, Fetus expelled

OH NO, the PGF2a failed, what is your secondary options for treatment of mummies?

Hysterotomy

If the mummy is advanced enough in gestation, what approach can you do but it is expensive and difficult?

Midline Approach

T/F With Hysterotomy, C section, it is difficult if the mummy is small and access to the uterus is limited

True

What are the typical guidelines of a fetus that is removed with a Hysterotomy via colpotomy?

Fetus up to 35-40 cm that did not expel following PGF2α therapy

How do you preform a Colpotomy?

Lavage Vagina, Induce Pneumoperitoneum Incise vagina lateral to cervix, penetrate peritoneum

T/F With a hysterotomy, you want to make the incision as cranial as possible

False, as caudal as possible

When should you preform a C section?

if the mummy is more advanced

When is the fetus 35-40 cm or smaller?

4 months or younger

When preforming a colpotomy, what uterine horn should you exteriorize and make the incision in?

the ipsilateral horm

What drug may be helpful when preforming a colpotomy?

epinephrine (which helps with Tocolysis)

T/F You should suture the membrane in the suture line when closing a colpotomy to help with the closure

False, do not do

What pattern is typically used for closure?

Inverting closure

T/F The uterus is returned through colpotomy and the colpotomy not sutured

True

What stich is put in the vagina post colpotomy? (2)

Caslick's or Buhner's stich

What happens when there is an abortion or parturition that didn't happen but the cervix is open and the CL is absent?

Fetal Maceration

What happens with the CL and Cervix during Fetal Maceration?

- CL absent

- Cervix open

Due to the cervix being open, what is the MAIN cause of Fetal Maceration?

massive bacterial infection

What usually happens to the fetus during maceration?

- fetal soft tissue destroyed only bones are left

How do you diagnose Fetal Maceration? (2)

- on palpation it feels like a bag of gravel/ice

- foul odor or discharge

What is the treatment for Fetal maceration?

Trailermycin (now for the ppl that are literal, this is a joke, he is saying to cull that h*e)

T/F Fetal maceration has a fair prognosis

False, poor

What are the treatment options for fetal maceration?

delivery per vagina using PGE and patience

What is the prognosis for FERTILITY in cows that had fetal maceration?

poor

What happens in most hydrops cases late in gestation where the cow looks like a frog on a lilly pad?

Hydrops allantois

What is the main cause of Hydrops allantois?

placental insufficiency ( Adventitious Placentation)

You have a farmer that has a cow that was recumbent, fluid wave, and the fetus unpalpable. This cow is approx 9 months pregnant. What is you top DDX?

hydrops allatonis

T/F Hydrops allatonis is a fetal problem

False, maternal

What is a sequlae to hydrops allantois?

rupture prepupic tendon

What is the treatment of Hydrops allantois?

induction of parturition using DEX and PGF

What is the reproductive prognosis for Hydrops Allantosis?

poor

What is the fetal problems that casues craniofacial deformity that can be caused by BVDV and develops slowly?

Hydrops aminion

T/F The dam is not at risk with hydrops ammnion and it is unlikely to reoccur

True

How do you treat hydrops amnion?

induce parturition

How can you tell apart Hydrops of the Allantois and Hydrops of the Amnion based on how the dam is shapped?

In Hydrops of the Amnion, the cow is shaped like a pear. In Hydrops of the Allantois, the cow is shaped like an apple

You pull up on a farm and a cow presents to you like this. Based only on how she is shaped, what is your top DDX?

Hydrops of the Allantois

Based only on presentation, what is you top DDX?

Hydrops of the Amnion

Look at the adventitious placenta on slide 33

okay girl

What happens usually during mid gestation on where the uterus is rotated 180* and the cow is acting colicy?

uteirne torsion

T/F With uterine torsion, there is abdominal pain with no calf delivered

True

How do you diagnose uterine torsion?

Dx on rectal exam - Broad ligament stretched and tight usually caudal to cervix

What is one of the main treatments for uterine torsions?

plank in the flank