Biology 1407 Lab Practical #1

Whole Mount

Representation of the whole organism

Cross Section

This represents a thin section of the organism or structure that is perpendicular to the long axis of the organism

Longitudinal Section

Represents a thin section of the length of the structure or organism

Identification

Refers to the taxonomic classification of the organism. Genus is required

Description

Denotes the organism's region, structure, generation, or slide type being observed. Put common name here

Labels

Straight line drawn from structure denoting what it is.

Annotations

Used to give information about the specimen that cannot be seen on the diagram (color, flagella that couldn't be seen, etc) Indicated alongside the diagram, not a part of the desrpition

Size

Total magnification or a metric scale bar.

Habit Sketch

Used to illustrate a portion of or an entire organism

Low Plan Drawings

Show the basic plan of regions or sections of specimens. (Cross-sections & Longitudinal-sections). Typically observed with the scanning objective

High Power Detailed Drawings

Used to show detailed cells within a section of a specimen. (cells within the vascular bundle of a stem section)

Ocular Lense

Located at the top of the microscope (10x)

Compound Light Microscope

Used for prepared slides or temporary wet mount slides (40X - 1000X)

Dissecting Microscope

Useful for viewing larger specimens. (7X - 45X)

Scanning Lens

4X

Low Power Lens

10X

High Power Lens

40X

Oil Immersion Lens

100X

Revolving Nose Piece

Function: Holds the three objective lense

Head

Houses the lenses in the upper part of the microscope

Arm

Supports the upper part of the microcope

Base

The bottom of the microscope

Stage

Flat platform below the objective lens

Stage Clips

Hold the slide in place

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Makes large adjustments to the stage in order to bring the slide into focus

Fine Adjustment Knob

Makes small adjustments to the stage in order to bring the slide into sharper focus

X-Y Stage Control Knobs

Moves the stage left and right

Illuminator

The light source of the microscope, located at the base.

Rheostat

Controls the amount of light released by the illuminator

Condenser

Focuses the light onto the slide

Iris Diaphragm

Adjusts the amount of light that hits the slide

Total Magnification

Ocular Magnification X Objective Magnification

Inversion

The image is flipped both horizontally and vertically

Parfocal

Image remains in focus when switching between objective lenses

Filed of View

Circular area that is visible when looking through a microscope

Depth of Field

The vertical distance that remains in focus on the slide (increases with magnification)

Gastrodermis

Inner layer of a cell

Epidermis

Outer layer of a cell

Transmitted Light Source

Used to shine light through a clear object

Reflective Light Source

Hits an opaque object and is reflected into the objective lens.

Homologous Structure

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

Divergence

The act of moving away in different direction from a common point

Analogous Structures

Body parts that share a common function, but not structure

Vestigial

Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.

Biotic

Living

Abiotic

Non-living

Community

A group of populations in a particular area

Species Diversity

Number of different species that make up a particular area

Species Richness

Actual number of all species within the community

Relative Abundance

Proportion of a particular species in the community from the total number of individuals

Shannon Diversity Index

Relative Abundance (pᵢ)

Total # of Individuals of species A /

Total # of Individuals Sampled

Average Population Density (Per Quadrat)

Total # of Individuals of a species/

# of quadrats

Estimated Population Size

Average Population Density X (Total Area/Quadrat Size)

Haploid

Single set of chromosomes

Nucleoid

Tightly packed circular region containing a bacterium's chromosome

Ubiquitous

Present everywhere

Microbiota

Collection of all microbes living inside the gut

Decomposer

Organisms that break down dead organic matter

Domain Bacteria

prokaryotes, one of largest groups on earth, classified by shape & whether or not they use oxygen

Domain Archaea

Any of various single-celled prokaryotes genetically distinct from bacteria, often thriving in extreme environmental conditions

Phylum Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria with gram-negative cell walls that consist of a thin layer of pepridoglycan

Phylum Proteobacteria

Largest and most diverse bacterial phylum. gram-negative.

Phylum Firmicutes

Gram-positive bacteria with cell walls that have a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

Culture

Bacteria that grow artificially on lab media

Broth Media

A liquid medium used for growing cells

Solid Media

Firm, does not move when tube moves. Contains a solidifying agent. May be liquefiable or nonliquefiable

Agar

a gel-like polysaccharide compound used for culturing microbes; extracted from certain red algae

Colony

Visible growth of bacteria on solid media.

Streak Plate Method

used to isolate pure cultures

Pure Culture

contains only one species or strain

Chlorophyll a

Only pigment that can participate directly in the light reactions.

Phycocyanin

Blue Pigment

Phycoerythrin

Rid pigment

Biofilm

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation.

Gas Vesicle

small, rigid structures that provide buoyancy to a cell

Unicellular

One cell

Glycocalyx

The external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

Filamentous

Having long threads or fibers;hyphae

Vegetative Cells

In filamentous colonies of cyanobacteria, the cells that perform photosynthesis

Heterocysts

a large transparent thick-walled cell that is found in the filaments of some cyanobacteria and is the site of nitrogen fixation

Nitrogen Fixation

The process of changing free nitrogen gas into a usable form

Akinete

Thick-walled dormant cells that are only produced from vegetative cells when environmental conditions are unfavorable

Coccus

A spherical bacterium.

Bacillus

A rod shaped bacterium

Spiral Form

Spiral shaped bacteria

Comma-shaped, S-shaped, or spiral shaped

Vibrio

comma shaped

Spirochetes

Thin, flexible spiral shaped bacteria

Spirillum

Thick, rigid spiral shaped bacteria

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer plasma membrane. They stain very lightly (pink) in Gram stain. Gram-negative bacteria are typically more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria.

Crystal Violet

Primary stain, stains Gram positive and negative cells both purple

Gram's Iodine

Mordant, that enters the cytoplasm of the cell and reacts with the crystal violet to form a larger complex that doesn't easily escape through the cell wall

Alcohol

Decolorizer, provides differentiation between Gram-positive and negative cells. Dehydrates the peptidoglycan of (+) cells causing it to shrink and trap the crystal violet-iodine complex inside the cell. Opposite effect happens in gram (-) cells

Safranin

Counterstain applied to stain the colorless gram (-) cells pink