APUSH Unit 2 1607-1754

Jamestown

1607. First permanent settlement (Roanoke people disappeared). In the South East in Virginia. JAMESTOWN IS FOR PROFIT. Created from a joint-stock company. Tobacco saves Jamestown. John Rolf brings the idea of tobacco to Jamestown (while everyone was dying), so people from Europe went to farm tobacco to make a PROFIT. Cash crop. Jamestown people left with a charter so they didn't have to listen to the Church of England. They only had to listen to the government of England.

Plymouth

Located in Massachusetts (think Boston). Was funded by the Americans who came on the Mayflower. FOUNDED FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. Not everyone was going for religious freedom. Some were made to go for their skills so they could generate profit for the community (joint-stock). It becomes the Massachusetts Bay Colony

Mayflower Compact

An agreement that the Pilgrims made that they would have a government in Plymouth. But they did not have acceptance from the Church of England. Pilgrims lost their Charter so they made their own government. The Mayflower Compact was the first legal document that began the ideas that would later help create the Constitution.

Puritans

English Protestants that want to purify the Church of England from all things Catholic. Puritans can also be called Separatists.

Pilgrims

Pilgrims are English Separatists. Formed Plymouth for Freedom of Religion. Wanted to SEPARATE from the Church of England. On their way to Jamestown but they are blown wayyyyy off course so they ended up in Plymouth. Since the Pilgrims lost their Charter so they established their own government.

King Philip's War

Last major efforts the Native Americans of southern New England made to drive off the English. Also known as Metacom's Rebellion. 1675-1676. Native Americans were getting sick of being dependent on the English, and were sick of them selling tribal land and expanding. Very bloody uprising that lasted fourteen months and ended up destroying twelve frontier towns.

Joint-Stock Company

A bunch of people throw in money to form something for profit (shareholders). Ex: Jamestown.

Massachusetts Bay

Primarily established for religious freedom.

Corporate/Royal/Proprietary Colonies

Corporate Colonies: owned by joint-stock colonies (Jamestown) Royal Colonies: under direct rule of the kings government (VA) Propriety Colonies: Under the authority of individuals who were granted ownership (Carolinas, MA)

Lord Baltimore

Actual name is Cecil Calvert. (Baltimore, Maryland). Part of Chesapeake Bay. Established for Catholics (How to Remember: Queen Mary was a strong Catholic or the Virgin Mary is an important figure of Catholicism)

Roger Williams

...Founded a colony named Providence and it became Rhode Island. First a Puritan and then became a Baptists. He advocated for the natives and that the settlers should be fair with their dealing and give them land. Providence was established for religious tolerance and freedom.

Triangular Trade

18th-19th centuries. Shipping goods from Britain to West Africa to be exchanged for slaves. Then they were transported to the West Indies for other goods like sugar, rum, etc which were sent back to Britain.

Anne Hutchison

Puritan in Massachusetts Bay colony. She advocated for religious toleration. She was beginning to say things like "You don't need a clergy member to be there when you pray" This annoyed the clergy so they kicked her out. She joined Roger Williams and founded Rhode Island together

Antinomianism

The idea that members of a particular religious group are under no obligation to obey the laws of ethics or morality as presented by religious authorities.

Indentured Servants

People from Europe didn't have much money or settlement. After a few years of gathering money while working under someone, you're free and get your own start. But people began abusing the system and holding people under work for longer. So less and less people wanted to be indentured. Leads to different forms of slavery.

Rhode Island

Created by Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. It was the only colony that offered complete religious freedom at the time.

Halfway Covenant

Applied to members of the Puritan colonies who were children of church members. The covenant allowed them to participate in church affairs.

Act of Toleration

1649. Lord Baltimore (Cecil Calvert) ordered this act after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland. The colony was largely Protestant. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.

John Locke

British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony. Never put into effect. This Fundamental Constitution would have set up a feudalistic government and the aristocracy would control it, owning the most land.

Quakers

Religious Society of Friends. A Christian movement that states the priesthood of all believers.

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania. Provided protection for Quakers. Received the land from King Charles II. It allowed Religious freedom.

Rice/ Tobacco

Cash crops. These crops need a lot of land. They are very labor intensive. More profit means -> plant more -> more servants.

John Winthrop/City on a Hill

1629. The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Puritan. Opposed total democracy. Believed colony would be best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. Organized the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. City on a Hill pretty much meant that faith or success would take time and effort. You have to drag the parts up a hill to create the city on a hill. Also the city would be clearly visible and the world would create judgement seeing this city on a hill.

Chesapeake

Splits into Virginia and Maryland.

Mercantilism

Economic policy of Europe. Government controlled the industry and trade with the idea that national strength and economic security comes from exporting more than importing. Great Britain would control the colonies by forcing them to buy Britain's exported goods.

Bacon's Rebellion

Nathaniel Bacon. 1676. Settlers and Nathaniel were angry at the Virginia Governor, Berkley, for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. Bacon and his men defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown, burning it to the ground. The rebellion ended when Bacon died of an illness.

Stono Rebellion

Slave rebellion. Largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies. In South Carolina, a lot of slaves were being brought into the colonies. White colonists were afraid of the greater amounts of slaves, so they began placing stricter controls. This caused the slaves to rebel.

Leisler's Rebellion

1689. James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands. Colonists of New York were infuriated and made Jacob Leiser (militia officer) the governor of New York. William got ahold of the colony, found Leisler, and hung him for treason. His representative assembly stayed a part of the government of New York.

James Oglethorpe

Founder and the governor of Georgia. Slaves, catholicism, and alcohol were forbidden in his colony. Colonists did not like how Oglethorpe ran the show like a dictator which eventually caused the colony to crumble. Oglethorpe lost his position as governor.

Middle Passage

When slaves were shipped from Africa to the Caribbean. Many slaves died on these ships which were very poorly conditioned.

Headright system

Parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. Virginia Company.

Zenger Trial

John Peter Zenger. New York Printer. Began the movement of freedom of press. He began a publication called the New York Weekly Journal. Pointed out the actions of the corrupt royal governor, William Cosby. Zenger was accused of libel. During his trial, Zenger's wife continued the publications. Andrew Hamilton was Zenger's lawyer and pleaded for his release. Zenger was given the verdict of not guilty.

Phillis Wheatley

An colonial poet. African domestic slave in the colonies. Very famous poet.

Albany Plan

The proposal to unify the Thirteen Colonies. This was suggested by Benjamin Franklin. "Join or Die" (snake propaganda). It didn't work out, but it was the first proposal to unite the colonies under one government.

Great Awakening

1739-1744. Puritanism declined by the 1730s. People were upset with the decline of religious piety. All of sudden an outbreak of religion swept through the colonies. This even began to unify the colonies. Evangelical

George Whitefield

Was credited with starting the Great Awakening.

Jonathan Edwards

Part of the Great Awakening. Very good at giving impactful sermons of sin and the torments of hell. Yale minister. Opposed to the Church of England.

Old Lights/New Lights

Old Lights: Established Congregational Church.

New Lights: New religious movements formed that broke away from the congregational church in New England.

Enlightenment

The movement in Europe that emphasized reason and science. A lot of focus on government, ethics, and science rather than imagination, religion, or emotions. Rejected Deism.

Ben Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, Founding Father etc. Highly respected in Europe and America. His discoveries in the field of electricity gained him popularity (kite and lightning).

Navigation Acts

British regulations designed to protect British shipping from competition. British colonies could only import goods if they were shipped on British owned vessels and at least 3/4 of crew were British. Very strict and would result in conflicts much later.

Salutary Neglect

Robert Walpole's policy regarding the American colonies. (Prime Minister). Believed unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than the taxation of the colonies.

House of Burgesses

1619. In Virginia. The first Legislative body in colonial America.

Slavery

The practice or system of owning slaves.

Establishment of 13 Original Colonies

Began with the Albany Plan of Union.

Separatists

Believed the Church of England could not be reformed so they started their own congregations.

Spanish Settlement in North America

St. Augustine, Santa Fe, San Antonio, San Diego, little minerals, periodic hurricanes, decreased native population

French Settlement in North America

Quebec, Lousiana, New Orleans, Upper Mississipi, FUR, ally with natives

Dutch Settlement in North America

small traders settle near coast/rivers, less likely to intermarry, Hudson River, New Amsterdam

British Settlement in North America

John Cabot lays claim, joint stock company, Jamestown,

Jamestown

Virginia company, swampy, dysentery, refuse to hunt/farm and get goods from trade with Natives but CONFLICT→starvation, John Smith develops tobacco, headrights aid landowners and increase settlers, population increase by 1624. fail because of Bacon’s Rebellion, becomes a royal colony in 1624

The Plymouth Colony

virginia company, separatists/pilgrims, people with economic motives, harsh first winter→ helped by natives(Thanksgiving), economy dependent on fish, furs, lumber, survives(merges into another colony)

Massachusetts Bay Colony

mass bay company, puritans, John Winthrop found Boston, drove settlers because of Charles I and religious/political conflic(great migration), small towns, family farms, reliance on commerce and agriculture

Maryland Issues

2nd Lord Baltimore turns Maryland into Catholic haven→but protestant majority, so he grants freedom to all Christians. protestants overthrow Catholic proprietary government, repeal Act of Toleration, Catholics lose right to vote(still more diverse with protestant sects though)

House of Burgesses

representative assembly made by Virginia company to appeal to settlers(1619), dominated by elite planters of virginia→Anglicazation w/ example from House of Commons, but shows early self gvnmt

Mayflower Compact

drew up on Mayflower by Pilgrims that made decisions by will of majority, town meetings held to elect and debate, male members of puritan church could elect governor and assembly

Population Trends of Minorities

Enslaved African Population increases in British colonies, especially in the lower south

Native population is pushed back, decreases because of conflict, and is threatened, even with geographical barriers

Founding of Massachusetts

Puritans are trying to purify Church of England

Pilgrims believe the only way is to separate from Church of England(netherlands→america)

John Winthrop - city upon a hill, model for Christian society and england

Britain’s Influence on America

• places navigation acts to achieve mercantilism

• during england’s political and religious turmoil, acts are ignored by English(salutary neglect)

  • this gets colonists used to freedom and ignorance from their mother country

• colonists respond to stricter enforcements of acts with discomfort, end up with bribery, smuggling

• Britain wants more exports than imports(colonists can only buy from english)

• Dominion of new england - James II increased royal control by combining New England colonies into Dominion after smuggling occurs, removes representative assemblies(Edmund andros-disliked governer), glorious revolution replaces James II with William and Mary, ends dominion

John Locke

nat rights, right to overthrow government if they aren’t protecting you, life liberty and pursuit of happiness(constitution basis)

Pueblo Revolts and Impact

1680-successful drives Spanish colonizers out for ~ten years

prove that Europeans could be driven out→great northern revolt, coordinated rebellions, spread cultural resilience

Great Awakening

Jonathan Edwards- provoke reflection on own perspective on faith, warns of sin and judgment

George Whitefield - dramatic delivery, personal faith

Both show emotionalism→separation in denominations, like Baptist Church

prove that religious authority can be questioned because you can THINK FOR YOURSELF

old lights-keep boring ministers

new lights-emotionalism, own personal faith

Roger Williams

founds Rhode Island, religious freedom, separation of church and state, founds providence

Bacons Rebellion

former indentured servants are angry that there is no more land left to use(all is taken by wealthy white male landowners already - headrights)

Nathaniel Bacon gathers small farmers to attack Native tribes to push geographic boundaries to get their own land

attacks Jamestown, burns Jamestwon

proves to landowners that they need more dependable sources of labor(slaves)

New England(mass, conn, RI, NH)

fishing, shipbuilding, timber, small family farms, whaling

Puritan

settled in compact towns with FAMILIES

initially nice, but Metacoms War(kind Philips)→more conflicts

Middle Colonies(NY, PA, NJ, dela)

breadbasket(grains), diverse and tolerant(quakers, Lutherans, presbyterians, Jews, catholics), pluralistic(German, scots Irish, Dutch, english), came in families, peaceful w/ Will Penn, more strained as time goes on

Chesapeake(VA, maryland)

plantations(tobacco), Anglican, young single white men, big farms use enslaved Africans post Bacons Rebellion, westward land encroachment, hostile relations with natives

Lower South(NC, SC, GA)

rice, indigo on plantations, Anglican technically, enslaved African majority under wealthy planter elite, push indigenous off land for expansion