Hicks Exam 2

terminal bronchioles

Which of the following structures is (are) part of the conducting division of the respiratory tract?

epiglottis

Name the structure that guards the larynx and closes during swallowing to prevent food and water from entering the respiratory passageway.

volume of the thoracic cavity increases, pressure decreases, and air flows into the lungs

When the diaphragm and rib muscles contract:

98.5% and 70%

In gas transport, _________ of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin and ________ of carbon dioxide is transported as a bicarbonate ion.

decrease

When gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood, hemoglobin loads oxygen. Does this action increase or decrease hemoglobin's affinity of H+ ions?

four; oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin can bind up to _____ molecules of oxygen. When at least one oxygen molecule is bound to hemoglobin, it is called ________

no, because CO2 is 20 times as soluble as O2, equal amounts of the two gases are exchanged

There is a large difference in partial pressure between O2 in the alveolar air and the blood (about 60 mm Hg). But, there is a small difference in partial pressure between the CO2 in the alveolar air and the blood (about 5 mm Hg). Given the information, do you think that more O2 diffuses across the respiratory membrane than CO2?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

The ________ is the primary generators of the respiratory rhythm because it controls the firing of inspiratory and expiratory neurons.

21%

The air that we breather (atmospheric air) is approximately ________ oxygen.

red bone marrow

Which of the following is a primary lymphatic organ?

15%

Lymphatic vessels reabsorb about _____ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

lipids

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

thymus

T cells achieve immunocompetence (education) in the:

memory cell formation

The activated complement system brings about the following effects except:

fever

All of the following belong to our immune system's first line of defense' except:

interferons

When a cell is infected by a virus, it secretes ________, which alerts neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins and activate natural killer (NK) cells.

fever

A pyrogen is a substance that causes:

class I MHC

Which of the following cell surface proteins is founds on all the cells of the body, and is a response for presenting "self" antigens to other cells?

epitope

What is the term for the specific regions of an antigen that is recognized by antibodies, and stimulates an immune response?

cytotoxic T cells (TC)

During cell-mediated immunity, which of the following cells directly attacks enemy cells and are considered the "effectors" of cellular immunity?

plasma cells and memory B cells

The differentiation step of humoral immunity leads to the formation of:

cellular penetration: antibodies enter the enemy cell's cytoplasm and deactivate proteins

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main functions of antibodies?

IgM

Which of the following antibodies is the first to be released during a primary response, and has very strong agglutination and compliment-fixation abilities?

Dalton's law

Which of the following laws states that "the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases"?

atmospheric pressure

During inspiration, is the intrapulmonary pressure or atmospheric pressure greater?

false

Hyperventilation is caused by a lack of oxygen.

nearby but different types of cells

What do paracrine cells target?

hormones

Chemical messengers released by endocrine glands to regulate some functions of other cells are known as:

an increase in transcription and protein synthesis

Upon binding to a receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex, steroid hormones usually cause:

hormonal stimuli

Endocrine cells that increase hormone secretion in response to other hormones are controlled by:

increasing blood glucose levels

When blood levels increase, a hormone called insulin is released from endocrine cells in the pancreas. The role of insulin is to return blood glucose levels to normal. Which part of this negative feedback loop is the stimulus?

pituitary gland

With which gland does the hypothalamus have a close anatomical and physiological relationship?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which hormone stimulates the synthesis of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland?

less triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones are made

If the thyroid gland is unable to produce iodinated thyroglobulin, what is the effect on hormone production?

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first to third teir.

hypothyroidism

Edna complains of weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure. What disorder do her symptoms match?

mineralcorticoid

Classify aldosterone to the appropriate group of hormones.

hypoglycemia

What might accompany an overdose of insulin?

natural killer (NK) cells

Immune surveillance is a process in which _______ use perforins and granzymes to destroy foreign cells an diseased host cells.

neutrophils

_________ employ a respiratory burst to produce a killing zone of bacterial chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide and hyperchlorite.

false

Carbon monoxide (CO) does not compete with oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin. It is dangerous to us because it replaces carbon dioxide (CO2).

the PO2 in the alveolus is greater than the PO2 in the blood and the blood picks up more O2

Which of the following is true when gases are exchanged between the alveoli and the blood?

catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

peripheral chemoreceptors

Which receptors, located in the carotid and aortic bodies, respond to changes in O2 and CO2 content and pH of the blood?

the ease with which the lungs can expand

Pulmonary compliance refers to:

activation of more helper T cells, which directly kill infected cells

During the "attack" phase of cellular immunity, helper T cells secrete interleukins. This release of interleukins results in all of the following except:

inflammation

The complement protein C3a stimulates basophils and mast cells to secrete histamine, which leads to which of the following mechanisms of pathogen destruction?

infundibulum

What structure connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made?

humoral stimulation

Glucagon operates under:

Cephalic

The ______ phase of gastric activity is controlled by the brain, and is triggered by the sight, smell, test, and/or thought of food

pepsinogen; HCl

Chief cells within the gastric glands produce _____ which is activated in the presence of ________.

false

The gallbladder synthesizes bile for digestion and then stores it for later use.

salivary amylase

Which of the following solutes in saliva begins starch (carbohydrate) digestion in the mouth?

trypsin

Which of the following is NOT one of the main secretions of the stomach?

a digestive enzyme in its inactive form

What is a zymogen?

pepsin is activated in the duodenum by the increased pH

Which of the following statements about the duodenum is INCORRECT?

pancreatic lipase; small intestine

After fats are emulsified by bile acids/salts. The remainder of fat digestion is carried out by ____ and occurs in the _______.

false

Let's say you are taking this exam and suddenly have a strong urge to defecate. However, you cannot leave the room and go to the bathroom until you have finished the test. This should not be a problem because you have voluntary control over the internal anal sphincter to suppress defecation until you can find a suitable place to deposit your feces.

liver

Nearly all substances that are absorbed during digestion (monosaccharides, amino acids, etc) enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the ________ via the hepatic portal vein.

parietal

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by _______ cells in the gastric glands.

intrinsic factor

Which of the following stomach secretions is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?