Exam 2 Material (Plantae, Algae, Fungi)

All plantae subgroups are descended from a common ancestor that engulfed a…..that lead to…

Cyanobacterium, chloroplast

Algae are..

polyphyletic

Green algae traditionally protists but;

they are the closet living relatives to land plants and transition from aquatic to terrestrial when land plants split with green algae

Plantae (Glaucophyte algae)

Either unicellular or colonial. Live as plankton or attached. Only asexual reproduction. Chloroplasts with distinct bright blue-green color

Plantae - Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

Diverse marine habit. Phycoerythrin.

Green Algae

Unicellular, colonial, multicellular. Marine, freshwater, or moist terrestrial. Cellulose cell walls, supported by water

Similarities between green algae and plants

Chloroplast, thylakoid arrangements, cell walls, sperm, peroxisomes

Most closely related to land plants

Charophyceae (stoneworts) - multicellular and live in freshwaters

Pros of terrestrial life for plants

Light availability, CO2, niches

Cons for terrestrial life for plants

water loss, UV damage, physical support

Hepaticophyta

Cuticle for protection; thin ; asexual or sexual reproduction

Bryophyta (Moss)

woods. dry without dying. lack of vascular tissue = remaining small.

First vascular tissue

cell wall from cellulose, tracheids (structural support with lignin), multicellularity, vessel elements (separate conducting and supp0orting roles)

seedless plants (ferns, horsetails)

vascular tissue; spores but not seeds.

seed plants

vascular tissue. make seeds.

layer of seed

embryo, nutritive tissue, tough protective layer

gymnosperms (cone forming) five groups

ginkgophyta (ginkgoes) ; cycadophyta (cycads) ; cupressophyta ( redwoods, junipers, and yews ) ; pinophyta ( pines, spruces, firs) ; gnetophyta (gnetophytes)

Angiosperms

Flowering plants. The first of their kind.

Microsporidia

All are parasites of animal cells. (Fish insects, humans)

Chytrids

Aquatic ; Fresh water. The only fungi that produce motile cells — both their spores and gametes swim via flagella. Most exhibitalternation of generations. Some are parastitic.

Zygomycetes

Food molds. Live on plant debris. Grows on breads and soft fruits.

Glomeromycetes

Mutualistic associations w/ plant roots in the form of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Basidiomycota

Mushroom, boletes, stinkhorns, puffballs, bbrackets. Decompose wood by producing lignin. Produce haploid spores in club-shaped basidia

Ascomycota

Morels, truffles, yeasts, cup fungi, lichen-forming fungi. Lichens are often sensitive to air pollution and are used as bioindictators.

Amoebozoa

Lack cell walls. Take in food by engulfing. Manpulitate body form to move ( squish). abundant in freshwater + wet soils. Some are parasitic. Single cell that contains many nuclei.

plasmodial slime molds

Lobose Amoebae

Cellular Slime molds

Opisthokonta.

Single flagellum.

Fungi

Animals

Choanoflagellates (protists)

Excavata

Feeding groove. Lack mitochondria, but have the genes.

Parabasalids, in animals and often mutualists.

Diplomonads, anaiml guts or water. some parasitic some predatory

Euglenids, freshwater and marine. eyespot. some photosynthesize, some eat others.

Rhizaria

Single-celled amoebae lacking cells walls. Shell-like coverings.Mulitple nuclei. Mitosis or meiosis.

Alveolata

Flattened memebrane-bound vesicles under plasma memebrane. Unicellular.

Ciliates, filter feeds, predators, parasites. Cilia to swim, two nuceli

Apicomplexans, all parasitic, lack cilia, flagella (malaria)

Dinoflagellates, flagella unique, photosynthetic (algae)

Stramenopila

Unique flagella. Acqwuired chloroplasts through secondary endosymbiosis.

Water molds, irish potato famine

Brown algae (kelp) all multicellular, sessile and attached

Diatoms, unicellular, silicia shell are photosynthetic and planktonic

Mycelium

Main body form of fungi.

Hyphae

Single-cell-thick, tubular filaments that grow and branch out to search for food and water.

Zoosporangia

an asexual spore-case or structure produced by certain plants, algae, fungi, and protists in which motile swimming spores, called zoospores, develop

Lichen

a unique, composite organism formed by a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium. where a fungus provides structure and protection, while the algal or bacterial partner performs photosynthesis to provide food.