Med Term Quiz 4 (Chapters 15-18)

Adventitial

The outermost layer of organs, blood vessels, and other structures in the body.

Albuminuria

Albumin in the urine.

Anuria

The absence of urine production.

Autonomic

Involuntary or unconscious.

Azotemia

Urea in the blood.

Cystectomy

Excision of all or part of the bladder to remove a cyst.

Cystitis

Inflammation of the lining of the bladder.

Cystocele

A condition in which weakened pelvic muscles cause the bladder to drop from its normal position.

Cystography

Radiographic imaging of the bladder.

Cystoscope

A thin, tube-like instrument used to look inside the bladder and urethra.

Cystoscopy

Examination of the bladder and urethra using a cystoscope, inserted into the urethra.

Cystostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the bladder.

Cystotomy

Incision into the bladder.

Deamination

The removal of an amino group from a molecule.

Detrusor

A muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder.

Diuresis

Excess production of urine.

Dysuria

Painful urination.

Enuresis

Involuntary urination.

Excretion

To get rid of waste material from the blood, tissues, or organs by a normal discharge (such as sweat, urine, or stool).

Glomerulonephritis

A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood.

Glycosuria

Presence of glucose in the urine.

Hematuria

Blood in the urine.

Homeostasis

The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.

Hydronephrosis

Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder.

Hydrostatic

Relating to the equilibrium of liquids and the pressure exerted by liquid at rest.

Hypothalamus

A region of the forebrain below the thalamus; has function in both the autonomic and endocrine systems and regulates homeostasis.

Incontinence

Loss of ability to control micturition (urination).

Lethargy

A condition marked by drowsiness and an unusual lack of energy and mental alertness.

Micturition

Also called urination or voiding.

Lithotripsy

The destruction of a calculus (stone) of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces.

Mitochondria

A membranous, bean-shaped organelle that is the “energy transformer” of the cell.

Nephrectomy

Excision of all or part of the kidney.

Nephritis

A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood.

Nephrolithiasis

Formation of stone(s) in the kidney.

Nephrolithotomy

Incision into the kidney to remove stone(s).

Nephrologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating kidney disease.

Nephrology

A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidney.

Nephrostomy

Surgery to make an opening from the outside of the body to the renal pelvis.

Nocturia

Frequent urination at night that interrupts sleep.

Oliguria

Below normal urine production of 400–500 mL/day.

Osmosis

A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

pH

A measure of how acidic or alkaline a substance is, as determined by the number of free hydrogen ions in the substance.

Polyuria

Excessive urine production.

Prostaglandins

Signaling molecules derived from unsaturated fatty acids with hormone-like effects.

Pseudostratified

Tissue with a single layer of irregularly shaped cells that give the appearance of more than one layer.

Pyelitis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney calices.

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the nephrons, renal pelvis, and kidney calices.

Pyuria

The presence of white blood cells in the urine.

Solutes

The minor component in a solution.

Stricture

Abnormal narrowing.

Ureterocele

A cystic dilatation of the end of a ureter.

Ureterolithiasis

Formation of stone(s) in the ureter.

Ureteroscopy

Examination of the inside of the kidney and ureter, using a ureteroscope.

Ureterostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the ureter.

Urinal

Receptacle used for the collection of urine.

Urinary

Pertaining to urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine.

Urologist

A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating diseases of the urinary organs in females and the urinary and reproductive organs in males.

Urology

A surgical specialty concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the urinary tract in both sexes, and the genital tract in the male.

Voiding

Also known as urination or micturition.

Ablation

The removal or destruction of a body part or tissue or its function. Ablation may be performed by surgery, hormones, drugs, radiofrequency, heat, or other methods.

Arthralgia

Joint pain.

Aspermia

Condition of the complete absence of sperm.

Balanitis

Inflammation of the glans penis.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A benign condition in which an overgrowth of prostate tissue pushes against the urethra and the bladder, blocking the flow of urine.

Bulbourethral glands

Glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation; also called Cowper’s glands.

Circumcision

The surgical removal of the prepuce.

Coitus

Sexual intercourse between a male and female.

Condom

A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.

Corpus cavernosum

Either of two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during an erection.

Corpus spongiosum

Column of erectile tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection and surrounds the penile urethra on the ventral portion of the penis.

Cryptorchidism

The failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum prior to birth.

Ductus deferens

Duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred to as the vas deferens.

Ejaculatory duct

Duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the prostatic urethra.

Enucleation

Excision of a whole organ or mass without cutting into it.

Epididymis

A coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation.

Epididymitis

Inflammation of the epididymis.

Gamete

A specialized sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes.

Glans penis

Bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland.

Gonads

Reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones.

Hydrocele

Accumulation of serous fluid between the layers of membrane covering the testis.

Infertility

The inability to produce children.

Inguinal canal

Opening in the abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity.

Leydig cells

Cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone; a type of interstitial cell.

Myalgia

Pain in a muscle or group of muscles.

Oligospermia

Condition of a suboptimal concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculated semen to ensure successful fertilization of an ovum.

Orchidectomy

Surgery to remove one or both testicles

Orchiopexy

Surgical fixation of the testicle.

Orchitis

Inflammation of a testis.

Penis

Male organ of copulation.

Prepuce

Flap of skin that forms a collar around, and thus protects and lubricates, the glans penis; also referred to as the foreskin.

Prostate gland

A gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra that contributes fluid to semen during ejaculation.

Prostatitis

Inflammation of the prostate gland.

Scrotum

An external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes.

Semen

Ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

Seminal vesicle

Gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen.

Seminiferous tubules

Structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs.

Sertoli cells

Cells that support germ cells through the process of spermatogenesis; a type of sustentacular cell.

Sperm

Male gamete.

Spermatic cord

Bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes; contains ductus deferens.