Cancer Biomarkers (part 2)

a prognostic biomarker is a … or … characteristic that is objectively measured providing information on the likely … of the disease in an … population
it is a measure of the … … of the disease

examples include … in breast cancer and … in NSCLC

biological or clinical, course, untreated

natural history

BRCA1, TTF1

a predictive biomarker can be used to … and … subpopulations of patients who are most likely to … to a given …

for example … expression predicts sensitivity to …

identify and stratify, respond, treatment

HER2, herceptin

HER2 is both a … and … biomarker

prognostic and predictive

HER2 is both prognostic and predictive because high levels of HER2 mean worse patient … but high levels also respond to …

survival, herceptin

clinically useful prognostic biomarkers are measurable … of a tumour’s likely … and … independent of …

they predict … …, … and …

a … … … must exist its measurement

indicators, course and aggressiveness, treatment

recurrance risk, progression and outcomes

clinically validated assay

what does IHC test stand for?

immunohistochemistry test

IHC test is a technique used to identify specific … (…) in a tissue biopsy sample using custom made …

proteins, antigens, antibodies

… and … receptors are both proteins in tumour cell … that bind their respective … and then switch on genes for …

estrogen and progesterone, nuclei, hormones, growth

clinically prognostic biomarkers

1. … predicts … prognosis for breast and ovarian cancers

2. … predicts … prognosis for colorectal cancer

3. … and … positive predicts … prognosis than hormonal negative

4. … … predicts worse prognosis than … … in breast cancer

1. BRCA1, poor

2. CEA, poor

3. ER and PR, better

4. HER2 positive, HER2 negative

predictive biomarkers are necessary as tumour … means patients … differently to specific therapies

additionally due to … … and … of treatments

heterogeneity, respond

side effects and costs

clinically predictive biomarkers in breast cancer

1. … predicts response to … … therapies such as … and …

2. … predicts response to … therapy such as … …

3. … predicts response to …, … and … …

1. HER2, HER2 targeted, herceptin and lapatinib

2. ER, hormone, aromatase inhibitors

3. BRCA1, radiation, chemo and PARP inhibitors

HER2 is encoded by what type of gene?

oncogene

presence of HER2 is associated with increased tumour … and decreased …

aggressiveness, survival

… (Herceptin) is a humanised … … that targets … and is used in combination with … … to treat patients with HER2 … in their tumours

trastuzumab, monoclonal antibody, HER2, cytotoxic chemo, overexpression

HER2/neu serves as a … biomarker to asses tumour susceptibility to treatments such as … (herceptin) and …

predictive, trastuzumab and lapatinib

an … assay called … is used for HER2 … as a companion …

immunohistochemistry, HercepTest, scoring, diagnostic

what does FISH stand for?

fluorescence in situ hybridisation

HercepTest measures HER2 … … while FISH counts HER2 … …

protein levels, gene copies