Air Transportation System Notes

Vocabulary flashcards covering the historical development of civil aviation, regulatory milestones, leadership styles, and organizational behavior theories.

Tampa Airboat Line

The airline that conducted the first ever scheduled passenger service on January 1st, 1914, operating between St. Petersburg and Tampa, flown by Tony Janus.

Kelly Airmail Act

The 1925 act establishing government-funded airmail service in the United States.

Airport Development Program (ADP)

A program in which the US Treasury paid Pan American Airways to develop $25$ airports and $9$ seaplane bases across $14$ countries over $5000\,\text{miles}$.

Chicago Conference (1944)

Civil Aviation Assembly where Allied officials met to discuss commercial aviation post-WWII, leading to the creation of ICAO and IATA headquartered in Montreal.

Two Freedoms Agreement

The International Air Services Transit Agreement establishing the right of an aircraft to land in another country for emergency purposes and the right to overfly another country.

Five Freedoms Agreement

An aviation agreement addressing flights from a home country to a foreign country, foreign to home, and between two foreign countries (cabotage).

Airline Deregulation Act of 1978

Legislation signed by Jimmy Carter eliminating direct government oversight of airline ticket fares, removing subsidies, and leading to the dissolution of the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB).

Hub and Spoke

An airline operational concept pioneered by American Airlines to move passengers cost-effectively from gate to gate.

International Air Transportation Competition Act (1979)

Legislation that deregulated international airline service to and from America.

Air Piracy

The official regulatory name for aircraft hijacking.

Hawthorne Effect

The principle that paying attention to workers and showing interest in them leads to improved job performance.

Hawthorne Studies

Studies conducted between 1927 and 1932 at Western Electric's plant examining the effect of illumination on productivity, demonstrating that social group belonging improves job performance.

Theory X

Douglas McGregor's management theory assuming that people dislike work, will avoid it if possible, and must be coerced, directed, or controlled with punishment to achieve results.

Theory Y

Douglas McGregor's management theory assuming that work is natural, motivation stems from self-esteem and responsibility, and self-direction and imagination are present in everyone.

Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Frederick Herzberg's theory, developed from studying $200$ Pennsylvania accountants and engineers, distinguishing internal satisfiers from external maintenance factors.

Motivation Factors

Internal elements identified by Frederick Herzberg that drive performance, including responsibility, achievement, recognition, advancement, and the nature of the work.

Hygiene Factors

External job factors identified by Frederick Herzberg, such as company policy, supervision, salary, interpersonal relationships, and working conditions.

Autocratic Leadership

A leadership style where the leader makes decisions without consulting others, creating high dependency and staff demotivation, but valuable in urgent situations.

Democratic Leadership

A leadership style where the leader encourages input from others, fostering worker ownership and motivation through shared ideas.

Laissez-Faire Leadership

A hands-off leadership style where employees control their working life, promoting creativity but making coordination and decision-making time-consuming.

Paternalistic Leadership

A leadership style where the leader acts as a father figure, making decisions (though sometimes consulting) while emphasizing the need to support staff.

Contingency Theory

A leadership framework stating that leadership is not a fixed set of characteristics and requires using different styles depending on circumstances.

Transformational Leadership

A leadership approach driving widespread organizational change through a clear vision, objectives, long-term strategic planning, and leading by example.

Invitational / Post-Heroic Leadership

A leadership approach focused on reducing negative messages, reviewing internal processes, and building a sense of belonging and institutional identity.

Scientific Management

A management approach developed by Frederick Taylor emphasizing standardized implements, motion rules, and selecting and training workers with the right abilities.

Transactional Theories

Leadership theories centered on organizational management, procedures, efficiency, adherence to contracts, and resolving immediate operational problems.

Chain of Command

The dedicated path of flow of formal authority within an organizational hierarchy.

Span of Control

The measure of persons or functions directly supervised by a position in an organizational structure, categorized as wide or narrow.

Unity of Command

The organizational principle that all subordinate members must be responsible to a single director.

Management

The process of planning, organizing, leading, coordinating, and controlling within an organization.

Bureaucratic Organization

Max Weber's model of a rational, highly efficient organization based on logic, order, merit-based careers, clear division of labor, and legitimate hierarchy of authority.