Zuku VTNE Diagnostic Imaging

What is the typical frequency range of ultrasound transducers used in veterinary medicine?

10-100 Sv

10-50 Gy

0.5-2.0 mm

< 10 cm

2.5-12 MHz

2.5-12 MHz

Which choice is an example of negative contrast media used in radiographic studies?

Iohexol

Air

Barium Sulfate

Diatrizoatel

Iothalamate

Air

An eight-year-old female spayed Labrador retriever is presented for a recent onset of seizures and behavior change. A brain tumor is suspected. Which imaging modality will provide the most information about this patient?

Computed tomography scan

Magnetic resonance imaging

Nuclear scintigraphy

M-mode ultrasound with Doppler

Radiography and myelogram

Magnetic resonance imaging

What is the main reason for clipping hair before an ultrasound procedure?

To decrease sound reflection

To decrease scattering

To increase wave refraction

To avoid damage to the transducer

To increase beam absorption

To decrease sound reflection

Which artifact is expected when performing a urinary bladder ultrasound of a dog with uroliths?

Duplication of the image distal to the urinary bladder

Dark region deep to the urolith

Echogenic bands parallel to the bladder wall

Area of hyperechogenicity beneath the stone

They do not cause an artifact

Dark region deep to the urolith

Which choice is the standard image format for medical image generation and storage?

DICOM

EIGRP

ADSL

HTTPS

NVRAM

DICOM

Which one of the following choices is the preferred imaging modality for the brain and spinal cord?

Radiography

Contrast computed tomography (CT)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Diagnostic nuclear medicine

Ultrasonography

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

What does a personal dosimeter measure?

An individual’s occupational radiation exposure

Number of radiographs taken in twenty-four hours

The patient’s radiation dose during a computed tomography scan

Radiation required to generate an image

Ionizing radiaiton present in the hospital environment

An individual’s occupational radiation exposure

When taking a radiograph, what does changing the kVp affect?

Duration of exposure

How far away to position the patient

Quantity of electrons

Penetration of x-rays

Intensity

Penetration of x-rays

Which ultrasound artifact occurs when ultrasound hits gas and is described as a "comet tail" with set of bright parallel lines?

Through-transmission

Mirror image

Refraction

Acoustic enhancement

Reverberation

Reverberation

Which of the following ultrasound transducers would be most appropriate to image an equine abdomen?

Low frequency

A-mode

M-mode

Linear array

High frequency

Low frequency

For body parts less than 10-cm thick (e.g., small animal distal limb) we use the table top technique to get the best radiographic image.

Table top technique means taking a radiographic cassette out of the bucky tray and placing it on top of the table, directly beneath the leg.

What is an important adjustment to make to get a good table top radiograph?

Use a smaller, rare-earth cassette

Increase the mAs by 15%

Decrease kVp by 10%

Move tube head further away

Add an intensifying screen under the animal

Move tube head further away

A diagnostic radiographic study of a body region should include at least two images. What is the relationship between these two images?

One with legs forward and one with legs flexed

One laying down, one standing

Right angle to the axis of first image

Opposite sides of the image

Two films taken 10-15 kVp apart

Right angle to the axis of first image

In regards to radiation exposure, which of the following would be an example of accessory equipment?

Sand bags

Sedation

Bucky tray

Calipers

Lead apron

Sand bags

Which factor has the greatest influence on radiographic contrast?

Focal-film distance

kVp

Scatter radiation

mAs

Humidity of film storage area

kVp

In radiology, foreshortening artifact results from which one of the following choices?

The structure being radiographed is not in contact with the table

The x-ray beam is more intense at the cathode side compared to the anode side

The kilovoltage (kVp) is too low

Taking a second radiograph too soon after one that required a very high exposure

The structure being radiographed is not in contact with the table

Which of the following structures can cause the ultrasound artifact known as acoustic shadowing?

Lungs

Normal gall bladder

Uroliths

Spleen

Heart muscle

Uroliths

Stationary anode radiology machines are used for which one of the following kinds of procedure?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Contrast studies

Fluoroscopy

Computerized tomography (CT)

Dental imaging

Dental imaging

Which one of the following objects will create an artifact on a radiograph?

Movable grid

Foam wedges

Debris on hair coat

Tape that is out of the primary beam

V-shaped positioning trough

Debris on hair coat

What is an example of a soluble nonionic radiopaque contrast material?

Barium sulfate

Air

Iohexol

Iothalamate

Diatrizoate

Iohexol

What information is legally required on a radiograph identification label?

Patient signalment (age, breed, sex)

Body part being radiographed

Right or left marker

Name of radiologist performing image interpretation

Owner and patient identification

Owner and patient identification

What is a Potter-Bucky diaphragm?

Shield protecting the end of an endoscope

Canine birth control device

Moveable x-ray grid

Anesthetic gas filter

Ultrasound focusing element

Moveable x-ray grid

How is the thickness of a specific body part determined before taking radiographs in small animal veterinary medicine?

Micrometer

Callipers

Sliding scale

Technique chart

Tape measure

Callipers

When marking a thoracic radiographic film for an animal positioned right side down, what marker is used?

Right

Dorso-ventral

Oblique

Anteriopalmer

Down side is generally not marked

Right

In digital radiography, which one of the following choices best describes planking artifact?

Disappearance of the soft tissues surrounding bone

Linear striations in the background of the image

A non-uniform appearance of the image

An image with a diffuse grainy appearance

A lucent halo surrounding a metal implant

Linear striations in the background of the image

Which one of the following choices best describes the use of teleradiology?

Movement of digital images from one computer to another within a hospital

Reconstruction of 2-dimensional digital radiographs into 3-dimensional images

Conveyance of digital images from the x-ray unit detector plate to a computer monitor

Transmission of digital data between hospitals via the internet

Transfer of digital images onto film for archiving purposes

Transmission of digital data between hospitals via the internet

Which choice most directly affects the darkness (radiographic density) of a radiograph?

Thickness of the body part

Focal-film distance

Low-energy transformer

Cassette screen

Milliampere-seconds

Milliampere-seconds

What is the main difference between direct and indirect digital radiology systems?

No light intermediate with indirect systems

With direct systems, a light flash is registered to an electrical signal

Indirect systems use a scintillation x-ray detector plate

Direct systems use a photostimulable storage phosphor in a protective cassette

Direct systems are wireless, indirect are not

Indirect systems use a scintillation x-ray detector plate

If you take an x-ray of a dog at 300 milliamperes for 1/20th of a second, how many millliampere-seconds is the exposure?

600 mAs

20 mAs

15 mAs

Need more information

60 mAs

15 mAs

Which tissue is likely to produce an ultrasound reverberation artifact described as a "comet tail" (a.k.a. "B-lines") with sets of bright parallel lines?

Prostate

Liver

Lungs

Gallbladder

Urinary bladder

Lungs

What type of personal protective equipment is required when using a portable radiology machine?

Steel-toed boots and coveralls

Lead apron and gloves

Latex hand covers and lab coat

Lead goggles and full face shield

Topical zinc face cream and Tyvek® suit

Lead apron and gloves

Abdominal radiography would be most useful for which of the following possible causes of colic in a 1000-pound adult horse?

Epiploic foramen entrapment

Cecal impaction

Large colon displacement

Duodenitis/proximal jejunitis

Enterolithiasis

Enterolithiasis

What is the main source of radiation exposure for technicians manually restraining patients for radiography?

Use of a grid

Misaligned electrons

Scatter radiation

The heel effect

X-ray tube leakage

Scatter radiation

Which setting is better for an x-ray of an area of the body that has high contrast between tissue and bone, such as a hip x-ray of a young dog?

Low kilovoltage (kVp); Low milliamp-seconds (mAs)

Low kilovoltage (kVp); High milliamp-seconds (mAs)

High kilovoltage (kVp); Low milliamp-seconds (mAs)

High kilovoltage (kVp); High milliamp-seconds (mAs)

Low kilovoltage (kVp); High milliamp-seconds (mAs)

In digital radiography, which one of the following artifacts results from taking a second radiograph too soon after one that required a very high exposure?

Uberschwinger artifact

Heel effect

Ghost image

Foreshortening

Elongation

Ghost image

Radioactive iodine (I-131) is used to treat which condition?

Hyperthyroidism

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia

Fanconi's

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperadrenocorticism

Hyperthyroidism

Which choice controls the penetrating ability of an x-ray?

Low-energy transformer

Milliampere-seconds

Kilovoltage

Cassette screen

Kilovoltage

For what reason is an aluminum filter inserted into the portal of an x-ray tube in the path of the primary beam?

Decrease scatter

Increase photon power

Minimize heel effect

Improve collimation

Reduce soft radiation

Reduce soft radiation

What is the maximum permissible dose of radiation a person is allowed to receive over a specified time from occupational exposure?

5(N + 18) rem

1(N - 18) rem

This has not been determined

5 rem/year

1.2 rem/year

5 rem/year

If you double the focal-film distance between an x-ray source and the x-ray cassette, what happens to the x-ray beam intensity on the x-ray cassette?

It is increased four-fold

No difference

It is doubled

It is halved

It is one-quarter

It is one-quarter

In addition to patient movement, which one of the following choices may cause a radiograph to come out blurry?

Poor film-screen contact

Kilovoltage too high

Static electricity

mAs too low

Focal film distance too short

Poor film-screen contact

Which choice correctly includes the key components of a radiographic exposure?

Filament temperature; photon dispersion; exposure time

Focal-film distance; milliampere-seconds; kilovoltage

Grid scatter; rotor speed; angle of tungsten target

Potter-Bucky diaphragm; cassette thickness; tissue density

Tissue thickness; energy spectrum of x-ray beam; grid ratio

Focal-film distance; milliampere-seconds; kilovoltage

What does ALARA refer to in regards to radiation exposure?

Retracting skin and fat

Increase in kVp needed when using a bucky tray

The milliampere-seconds (mAs)

Level of radiation exposure

Scatter measured one foot from the primary beam

Level of radiation exposure

Which choice is the best way to dispose of chemicals after cleaning an automatic radiographic processor?

Through a certified disposal service

Poured down the drain

Evaporation; commonly used developer chemicals break down to water, carbon dioxide, and organic compounds

Add to cat litter, then place in the regular garbage

Spread outside over well-drained soil or gravel

Through a certified disposal service

Which type of ultrasound probe is most useful for deeper tissue, far-field visualization?

B mode

M mode

Sector

Linear

10 mHz

Sector

What is the effect of a high-ratio grid on an x-ray exposure?

Less mAs needed

More x-rays pass through to the animal

Fewer X-rays reach the film

Darker x-rays

Loss of film resolution

Fewer X-rays reach the film

In ultrasound, which type of transducer probe is most useful to visualize near-field tissues?

Sector

3 mHz

Linear

M-mode

A-mode

Linear

What does an overexposed radiograph look like?

Very white

Speckled

Very dark

Foggy

Transparent

Very dark

What needs to be identified on every radiograph in addition to the patient and clinic names?

Time of day

Species

kVp used

Type of film

Patient position

Patient position

In regards to clinical radiology, when do genetic changes caused by radiation exposure typically occur?

Accumulated over 6 months

Within days to weeks

Future generations

1-5 years

Immediately

Future generations

Fluoroscopy is useful to help diagnose which one the following conditions?

Lung lobe torsion

Bile duct obstruction

Tracheal collapse

Pericardial effusion

Renal dysplasia

Tracheal collapse

What frequency transducer is most commonly used for most small animal ultrasound exams performed on animals weighing less than 15 kg?

7.5 mHz

2.25 mHz

15 mHz

12 mHz

1.0 mHz

7.5 mHz

A dog is positioned in dorsal recumbency for abdominal radiographs. Which body surface does the x-ray beam hit first?

Cranial

Lateral

Anterior

Dorsal

Ventral

Ventral

For which disorder is M-mode ultrasonography mostly used?

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder wall

Stomach foreign body

Splenic hemangiosarcoma

Cardiomyopathy

Renal disease

Cardiomyopathy

What shape is the image that is produced on the computer screen when using a linear array ultrasound transducer?

Rectangular

Diagonal

Triangular

Oval

Circular

Rectangular

Which of the following choices improves technician radiation safety?

Wearing a face mask and latex/nitrile gloves

Using a grid to decrease scatter radiation

Increased distance from the primary beam

Switching to a digital radiography system

Regularly examining the x-ray detector for damage

Increased distance from the primary beam

What is the best way to arrive at a specific mAs (milliamperage x time in seconds) to minimize motion blur when taking a radiograph?

Low milliamperage and short exposure time

High milliamperage and long exposure time

High milliamperage and short exposure time

Changing mAs does not affect motion blur

Low milliamperage and long exposure time

High milliamperage and short exposure time

Which group of people should be excluded from taking radiographs?

Technicians

Clients

Veterinarians

New hires in their probationary period

Anyone not licensed through OSHA

Clients

A 13-year-old male neutered King Charles Cavalier spaniel has a suspected brain tumor.

What would be the best imaging modality for this lesion?

Fluoroscopy

Magnetic resonance imaging

M-mode ultrasound with Doppler

Contrast radiography

Nuclear scintigraphy

Magnetic resonance imaging

What is a major advantage of digital radiography (DR) and computed radiography (CR) over traditional film-screen systems?

Images can be manipulated to adjust contrast and magnification

Less radiation is used to produce an image

Technique charts are unnecessary: only one set of exposure settings is used

Radiographs can still be taken during power failures

Scatter radiation is minimal, so grids and collimation are not needed

Images can be manipulated to adjust contrast and magnification

Which of the following choices is a contraindication for the use of barium sulfate as a radiographic contrast agent?

Vomiting

Bowel perforation

Regurgitation

Diarrhea

Esophageal dilation

Bowel perforation

What is the minimum legal age in years to allow someone to encounter occupational radiation exposure?

10

25

21

18

16

18

What positioning criteria are important to remember when taking lateral chest radiographs meant to specifically evaluate heart problems in dogs and cats?

Umbilicus and entire rib cage is included

Include cervical vertebrae

Image taken at full exhalation

Extend forelegs forward, away from chest wall

Sternum needs to be superimposed over vertebrae

Extend forelegs forward, away from chest wall

Where on the body should a dosimetry badge be worn?

Under the gown, at the waist

Adjacent to reproductive organs

Back of the gown, on the body ties

Under the gown, in your scrub pocket

Front of the gown, on the collar

Front of the gown, on the collar

Which factor can cause an x-ray image to be too dark?

Low milliampere-seconds

High kilovoltage

Poor centering of the primary x-ray beam

Use of a Potter Bucky diaphragm

Increased film focal-film distance

High kilovoltage

What is the maximum permissible dose (MPD) of occupational radiation exposure an individual should have per year?

100 Gray

1 Rem

0.05 Sievert

2% kVp

1/100 Thermoluminescent units

0.05 Sievert

A ventral-dorsal (VD) chest radiograph is indicated during diagnostic workup of a dog.

Where should the x-ray beam enter the body first?

Spinous processes

Costo-chondral junctions

Umbilicus

Thoracic vertebrae

Sternum

Sternum

What type of contrast agent is typically used to make the image below?

There is no contrast agent in this image

Radiolucent gas (e.g., nitrous oxide)

Soluble ionic organic iodide (e.g., iothalamate)

Nonionic organic iodide (e.g., iohexol)

Insoluble inert radiopaque medium (e.g., barium sulfate)

Nonionic organic iodide (e.g., iohexol)

What is the most critical issue with this radiograph of a bird?

Overexposed

Improper positioning of bird

Underexposed

Human hand is in image

Poorly collimated

Human hand is in image

Which of the following monitors used to measure blood pressure detects blood flow using ultrasonic waves?

Photoplethysmograph

Pulse oximeter

Capnograph

Doppler

Oscillometric

Doppler

In what direction do electrons move in an x-ray tube when an x-ray beam is generated?

Tube window to tungsten target

Focal spot to filament

Cathode to anode

Glass envelope to focusing cup

Collimator to targeting surface

Cathode to anode

Which one of the following choices best describes how an image is produced with digital radiography?

An x-ray beam passes transaxially through a small segment of the patient; an image is created by measuring x-ray attenuation at sequential sites

Technetium 99 is administered to a patient; photon emission is detected and recorded with a gamma scintillation camera

A detector panel converts x-rays into electrical signals; an analog image is created which is then digitalized

A transducer emits a short pulse of sound into the patient; the sound that is reflected back creates an image

Radio waves are used to generate images by disrupting hydrogen nuclei in tissues

A detector panel converts x-rays into electrical signals; an analog image is created which is then digitalized

Which one of the following choices best describes the use of Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) in digital radiology?

A method of obtaining digital radiographs with less radiation exposure

A means of converting traditional x-ray film into digital images

A mechanism that prevents artifacts from occurring on digital images

A universal digital image format that allows sharing of images between clinics

A technique that transforms digital images into hard copies for storage purposes

A universal digital image format that allows sharing of images between clinics

Under what conditions may the technician's hands be under the path of a primary x-ray beam when assisting in the radiology area?

Under no conditions

When the x-ray beam is collimated

When the animal is moving too much for a clear radiograph

If lead gloves are worn

If a grid is used

Under no conditions

What is the purpose of an x-ray grid?

Prevents x-ray beam scatter

Protects technician from x-rays

Increases penetrating power of the x-ray beam

Decreases mAs and kV needed for an exposure

Reduces patient exposure to radiation

Prevents x-ray beam scatter

Why are animals routinely shaved prior to having an abdominal ultrasound?

Provides visual proof to the owners

Prevents transducer gel from matting the animal's coat

Lowers the temperature of the affected tissue

Hair traps air

They should not be shaved

Hair traps air

Ionizing radiation is used to create an image in radiography.

Which one of the following choices lists another diagnostic modality that uses ionizing radiation?

Computed tomography

Ultrasonography

Bronchoscopy

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

Magnetic resonance imaging

Computed tomography

Which kind of tissue causes the most x-ray scatter?

Joints 8 cm thick or less

Thick body parts

Thin body parts

Delicate bone, like nasal area

Thick body parts

Which of the following choices correctly defines "dosimetry"?

The magnitude of energy produced by an x-ray beam

The quantity of ionizing radiation produced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The rate of decay of a radionuclide

A measurement of personal radiation exposure

The amount of scatter radiation emitted per radiograph taken

A measurement of personal radiation exposure

What ultrasound modality is used to evaluate blood flow?

Doppler

Oscillometry

B-mode

Fluoroscopy

A-mode

Doppler

Which one of the following choices is typically anechoic (sonolucent) on ultrasound?

Urinary bladder

Liver

Spleen

Adrenal gland

Bone

Urinary bladder

Which of the following choices is synonymous with sonolucent (i.e., dark on ultrasound)?

Echoic

Anechoic

Sonotrophic

Radiodense

Hyperechoic

Anechoic

What is the correct order of radiopacity, from least to most radiopaque?

Bone-metal-water-fat-air

Water-air-fat-bone-metal

Air-fat-water-bone-metal

Metal-bone-water-fat-air

Air-water-fat-metal-bone

Air-fat-water-bone-metal

A ten-year-old, obese Dachshund is presented with a week-long history of rear leg ataxia suggestive of a possible intervertebral disc problem.

A full series of ventro-dorsal (VD) and right lateral spinal films are needed to evaluate bony structures as a preliminary diagnostic step.

What positioning criteria are important to remember to optimize vertebral image quality in the lateral thoracic views?

Oblique view is preferable if right side is down

Avoid chest rotation

Extend forefeet cranio-dorsally towards chin

Sternum should be visible

Label the left side

Avoid chest rotation

Focal-film distance is the distance between which two objects?

Dorsal and ventral aspect of the structure being radiographed

Cathode and the anode

Bottom of the x-ray tube and the floor

Glass envelope and the filament

Tungsten target and surface of the x-ray detector

Tungsten target and surface of the x-ray detector

What is the definition of radiographic contrast?

Degree of overlap

Image clarity at the edge of anatomic structures

Visible difference between adjacent structures

Level of darkness

Sharpness of the tissue borders

Visible difference between adjacent structures

Which one of the following choices correctly defines what a unit of Gray (Gy) measures in radiology?

Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation by a unit mass of material

Distance between target in x-ray tube and surface of the x-ray detector

Quantity of x-ray photons produced by anode

Degree of echogenicity in an ultrasound image

Energy produced by x-ray beam

Absorbed dose of ionizing radiation by a unit mass of material

Which type of ultrasound transducer is used for transrectal examination in horses?

Broad bandwidth

Phased array sector

Linear array

Concave

Mechanical sector

Linear array

What is the principal disadvantage of using a grid while taking a radiograph?

Longer exposure time required

Cannot use with body parts over 10 cm thick

Decreased resolution

Visible gridlines distort the radiograph

A grid will increase the amount of scattered radiation

Longer exposure time required

What does an underexposed radiograph look like?

Foggy

Very light

Speckled

Transparent

Too dark

Very light

Which of the following would be a clinical presentation that might best be imaged using fluoroscopy?

Regurgitation

Osteomyelitis of cervical vertebra

Tibial fracture

Interstitial pneumonia

Paranasal sinusitis

Regurgitation

When you position a dog for a lateral pelvic radiograph, where do you measure the dog and where do you center the x-ray beam?

Over the acetabulum, greater trochanter of the femur

Across the sacrum, first two coccygeal vertebrae

Ischial tuberosities, base of tail

Wings of the ilium, caudal portion of the pubic foramen

Over the acetabulum, greater trochanter of the femur

As you look closely at an abdominal radiograph from a large German Shepherd, you see many regularly spaced alternating light and dark lines on the radiograph.

What do these lines mean?

The kilovoltage was too high

This is a sign of static electricity

The focal-film distance was too long

The x-ray was shot through a Potter-Bucky diaphragm

The x-ray was shot with a grid under the dog

The x-ray was shot with a grid under the dog

What is the purpose of the collimator in an x-ray machine?

Maintains a vacuum environment

Removes less-energetic x-rays from primary beam

Decreases production of scatter radiation

Prevents beta radiation from reaching the film

Provides electricity needed to heat the filament

Decreases production of scatter radiation

What are the three most important factors to remember for radiation safety?

kVp setting, focal-film distance, grid type

Collimation, speed, and megahertz

Positioning, angle of tungsten target, temperature of filament

Time, distance, shielding

Power, restraint, x-ray tube length

Time, distance, shielding

Which of the following correctly describes the Uberschwinger artifact (also known as the rebound effect) in digital radiography?

X-ray beam is more intense on cathode side than anode side

Image appears grainy due to underexposure

Linear striations are seen in background of image

Radiolucent halo around metal implants

Images from a previous exposure stay on panel due to high exposure

Radiolucent halo around metal implants

You have just taken an x-ray of a dog at 10 milliampere-seconds (mAs) from 100 cm away.

Now you need to reposition the dog and take another x-ray from 50 cm.

What mAs setting should you use to get a similar exposure to the first x-ray?

10 mAs

5mAs

2.5 mAs

20 mAs

2.5 mAs

Which one of the following choices is a type of mechanical restraint used to position a patient for a radiograph?

Foam wedge

Lead apron

Rabies pole

Tranquilizer

Technician's hands

Foam wedge

Which one of the following choices may cause a radiograph to come out blurry?

Patient movement

Focal-film distance too short

mAs too high

kVp too low

Static electricity

Patient movement

What is an anticlinal vertebra?

Anatomic landmark

First vertebra after sacrum

Congenital vertebral anomaly

Alternate name for C1

Transitional vertebra between thoracic and lumbar spine

Anatomic landmark