theories

Theories

Durkheim

Collective conscience = shared values, beliefs, and norms.

Durkheim

Deviance occurs in every society

Durkheim

Deviance can define group boundaries, create solidarity, and encourage innovation.

Erikson

Behavior isn't inherently deviant in every situation. People give behavior that status through their reactions and judgments.( secondary deviance)

Merton

Society promotes goals, such as financial success, but people don't all have equal access to legitimate means of achieving them.

• Innovation: accepts goals, uses unacceptable means.

• Ritualism: abandons the goals, keeps the routines.

• Retreatism: rejects the goals and legitimate means, withdraws.

Sutherland

Deviance is learned through interaction with people who engage in deviant behavior. (subculture)

Hirsch

Control theory

Behavior is regulated by the strength of a person's connections to major social institutions.

Foucalt

Modern society constantly observes people and judges their behavior against standards of normality.