Week 1: Bacterial Structures

What resources are necessary to sustain a microbial infection?

Food, water, heat

What is the general goal of pathogenic microbes?

Replication

What complications exist for pathogenic microbes?

Host defenses

What is required for the replication of pathogenic microbes?

Building blocks and energy

Where are most antibiotics sourced from?

Bacteria and fungi

What are three common examples of virulence factors?

Toxins, resistance, hiding

What characteristic of pathogenic bacteria is associated with binary fission?

Rapid evolution

Bacteria are typically ___

Extracellular

Viruses are ___ ___ pathogens

Obligate intracellular

Are eukaryotic pathogens typically intracellular or extracellular? List three examples

Extracellular, fungi, protozoa, worms

Do infectious agents typically want to kill their hosts?

No

Salmonella infects the ___ and typically causes ___ to increase the ___ of the pathogen

Intestines, diarrhea, spread

Bordetella typically causes ___

Coughing

Staphylococcus aureus are ___ shaped and gram ___

Cocci, positive

Clostridium tetani are ___ shaped and gram ___

Rod, positive

Escherichia coli are ___ shaped and gram ___

Rod, negative

Streptococcus pyogenes are ___ shaped and gram ___

Cocci, positive

Streptococcus pneumoniae are ___ shaped and gram ___

Cocci, positive

List examples of ‘upgrades’ bacteria can develop during rapid evolution

Toxins, capsule, flagella, pilus, endospore, resistance

An advantage for certain pathogens is the ability to infect multiple ___

Species

The bacteria that causes Lyme disease is ___ shaped

Spiral

List two examples of human-specific infections

Gonorrhea, polio

What virus has the the potential to infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, and horses?

West Nile

Within a human, an advantage for certain pathogens is the ability to infect different ___

Tissues

The ___ virus has the ability to infect nearly all cells in the body

Ebola

Rickettsia infections are specific to the ___

Bloodstream/endothelium

List typical cellular components of bacteria

Cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell wall, nucleoid, cell membrane

Peptidoglycan outside the bacterial cell membrane consists of alternating layers of ___ and ___ with cross-links between the same molecules made by ___

N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylmuramic acid, amino acid side chains

The primary function of a cell wall is to maintain cellular ___ in different ___ environments

Integrity, osmotic

What does PAMP stand for?

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

What is a PAMP associated with all bacteria?

Peptidoglycan

___ breaks bond between NAM and NAG and can be found in tears and saliva

Lysozyme

Penicillin blocks the formation of new amino acid ___ by binding to ___

Amino acid cross-links, penicillin-binding protein

Penicillin specifically disrupts cell wall formation during ___

Binary fission

Haptons are molecules that are too small to be recognized by the ___

Immune system

Two typical examples of pharmaceutical haptons are ___ and ___

Penicillin, sulfa drugs

___ is an important part of gram-positive cell walls and is ___ charged

Techoic acid, negatively

Techoic acid helps bacteria to ___ to ___ charged amino acids on epithelial surfaces

Adhere, positively

Staph aureus and strep pyogenes are both gram ___ and ___ shaped

Positive, cocci

___ has the potential to cause lesions, boils, toxic shock, pneumonia, or food poisoning

Staphylococcus aureus

___ has the potential to cause strep throat, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, or rheumatic fever

Streptococcus pyogenes

Some proteins on Streptococcus pyogenes are similar to protein present on the human ___, which can cause autoimmune complications

Heart

___ has the potential to cause pneumonia, meningitis, and sinusitis, and it is ___ shaped

Streptococcus pneumoniae, cocci

___ causes contractile paralysis and is ___ shaped

Clostridium tetani, rod

Gram ___ bacteria tend to be more resistant to drugs

Negative