Adolescent Development Exam 3: Relationships, School, Work & Media

What is Sternberg's Theory of Love?

A theory that describes different forms of love.

What are the forms of love?

Intimacy, passion, and commitment.

What is the developmental course of adolescent love?

It involves phases such as infatuation, romantic love, and deep attachment.

What are the ideal traits adolescents list for a partner?

Attractiveness, kindness, and a sense of humor.

What are the causes and effects of breakups?

Causes include lack of communication and trust; effects can be emotional distress.

What do we know about looking at Facebook?

It can impact self-esteem and relationship dynamics.

What does research tell us about cohabitation and divorce?

Cohabitation may increase the risk of divorce due to lack of commitment.

How are marriages different in the East and West?

Eastern marriages often emphasize family involvement, while Western marriages focus on individual choice.

What are some cross-cultural similarities in marriages?

Both often involve love, commitment, and social expectations.

What are the characteristics of sexually active adolescents?

Higher likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors.

What did we learn about parental relationships and adolescent sexual behavior?

Positive parental relationships can lead to healthier sexual behaviors.

What are sexual scripts?

Cultural guidelines for sexual behavior; they differ for boys and girls.

What are the differences between the first sexual experiences of boys and girls?

Boys often report more positive experiences, while girls may feel pressured.

What is the average age at which LGBT students report coming out?

Around ages 16-18.

What are some negative outcomes from parental rejection?

Increased risk of mental health issues and lower self-esteem.

What is sexual coercion?

Pressure or manipulation to engage in sexual activity.

What is sexual harassment?

Unwanted sexual advances or behavior.

How have teen birth rates changed in recent decades?

They have declined significantly.

What are some consequences of early parenthood for mothers?

Higher dropout rates, lower education, and increased poverty risk.

What are some consequences of early parenthood for fathers?

Increased financial responsibilities and reduced educational opportunities.

What contributes to the resiliency of teen parents?

Strong family support and continued education.

When do unplanned pregnancies and STIs peak?

Late adolescence and young adulthood (ages 18-24).

Who is more vulnerable to STIs, males or females?

Females, due to their reproductive anatomy.

What is HPV?

A virus that can cause genital warts and some cancers.

How is HIV transmitted?

Through infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

What are the main symptoms of Chlamydia?

Often no symptoms, but may include painful urination.

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

An infection of female reproductive organs that can cause infertility.

What is the overall outcome of sex education?

It helps adolescents make safer decisions and reduces risky sexual behavior.

What is the difference between abstinence-only and abstinence-plus programs?

Abstinence-only teaches avoiding sex; abstinence-plus includes contraception education.

Why do most adolescents not use birth control?

Lack of planning, embarrassment, and misconceptions about pregnancy.

Who funds and controls public education?

Government at local, state, and federal levels.

What is tertiary education?

Education after high school, such as college.

What is the key influence on academic performance across countries?

The country's level of economic development.

What are the advantages of large schools?

More classes, activities, resources, and opportunities.

What are the disadvantages of small schools?

Fewer resources, classes, and activities.

What is school climate?

The overall feeling, environment, safety, and relationships within a school.

What did Coleman find regarding teacher involvement?

Involved teachers lead to better student outcomes.

What did Rutter find regarding school climate?

Positive environments and high expectations improve student achievement.

What is the relationship between family expectations and academics?

High parental expectations lead to better student performance.

How do peers affect school engagement?

Friends who value school encourage good academic behavior.

What is the detrimental effect of working too many hours?

More than 20 hours per week can hurt grades and performance.

What factors influence differences in abilities between boys and girls?

Social expectations, confidence, and opportunities rather than natural ability.

What are the causes of dropping out of school?

Poverty, poor grades, lack of family support, absenteeism, pregnancy, needing to work, and lack of school engagement.

What are some potential outcomes for dropouts?

Some dropouts eventually earn a high school equivalency diploma.

What three factors should be included in alternative schools?

Smaller classes, supportive relationships with teachers, individualized instruction, and flexible learning.

What are the benefits of attending college?

Higher earning potential, better job opportunities, career advancement, independence, and personal growth.

How can excessive work affect psychological health?

It can increase stress, anxiety, exhaustion, and depression.

What is the relationship between excessive work hours and problem behavior?

Excessive work hours can increase risky behaviors, substance use, and poor academic performance.

How are some adolescents exploited in the workplace?

They may be underpaid, forced to work long hours, face unsafe working conditions, or experience forced labor.

What is debt bondage?

When someone is forced to work to pay off a debt but cannot realistically escape the debt.

How has work for adolescents changed in the last century?

There has been a shift from physical labor and manufacturing toward service jobs and technology-based work.

What is child trafficking?

The recruitment and use of children in jobs that require education, technology, information, and specialized skills.

What are some signs of trafficking and indicators of victimization?

Someone else controls their money or identification, they seem fearful or unable to speak for themselves, they have restricted freedom, and show signs of abuse or exploitation.

What are the benefits of work for adolescents?

Money, responsibility, independence, communication skills, experience, and time management.

What is the Peace Corps?

A volunteer program where people work in other countries to help communities through education, health, and development.

What is Job Corps?

A free education and job training program for eligible young people.

What is Holland's theory of occupational choice?

It categorizes occupations into six types based on personality and interests.

How does the military influence the development of emerging adults?

It provides discipline, structure, training, education, and independence.

What characteristics do adolescents who serve in the military often have?

They often seek independence, job training, financial support, education, or career opportunities.

What are child soldiers?

Children under 18 recruited or used by armed groups in conflict.

What are the negative outcomes for child soldiers?

Trauma, depression, anxiety, physical injuries, exposure to violence, and difficulty returning to normal life.

How did child soldiers describe their experiences?

Fear, violence, loss of childhood, forced participation, and difficulty adjusting to regular life.

What is cultivation theory?

The more time people spend watching television, the more they may believe it reflects real life.

What is social learning theory in relation to media?

Adolescents learn behaviors by watching and imitating what they see in media.

What is the media practice model?

Adolescents choose media based on their identity, interests, and experiences, which also influences their identity development.

What are the five uses of entertainment for adolescents?

1. Entertainment and enjoyment 2. Relaxation 3. Escaping everyday problems 4. Learning about themselves 5. Building social connections.

What does the uses and gratification approach emphasize?

People actively choose media to satisfy specific needs, such as entertainment, information, and social interaction.

How many hours a day do typical American adolescents spend using screens?

Approximately 7-9 hours daily.

What are common types of media use during adolescence?

Social media, television and streaming, video games, music, internet, and texting.

How do parents influence media use among adolescents?

Through rules, restrictions, supervision, and discussions about content.

What is the conclusion regarding television and aggressiveness?

Exposure to violent television can increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors.

What does research suggest about violent video games and aggressiveness?

They may increase aggressive thoughts and behaviors, although effects vary.

How can media exposure affect perceptions of nicotine use?

Media exposure can make nicotine use look normal, attractive, or popular.

What is the impact of nicotine on adolescent brain development?

Nicotine can negatively affect adolescent brain development.

Why are teen brains particularly vulnerable to social media?

Their brains are still developing, making them more sensitive to rewards, likes, attention, and peer approval.

What challenges do teens face regarding impulse control and emotional regulation?

They may struggle more with impulse control and emotional regulation.