Cell Division and Cancer

Cell Division

The process by which a cell reproduces itself.

Asexual Reproduction

Involves inheritance of all genes from a single parent to create identical offspring.

Sexual Reproduction

Involves inheritance of unique genes from two parents, producing variation.

Interphase

The preparatory phase of cell growth including G1, S, and G2 phases.

S Phase

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.

Centromere

Specialized region on a chromosome where sister chromatids are joined.

Cytokinesis

The division ofbhp the cytoplasm that splits a cell into two.

Prophase

Chromosomes coil up, the nuclear envelope disassembles, and spindle forms.

Metaphase

Phase where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.

Anaphase

Phase where microtubule fibers shorten, separating sister chromatids.

Telophase

Chromosomes reach opposite poles and daughter cell nuclei are formed.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

Quality checks that prevent cell cycle progression if there is damage.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, or cellular suicide, triggered by irreparable damage.

Mutagen

Any chemical or physical agent that can damage DNA.

Carcinogen

Any substance that causes cancer.

Proto-oncogene

A gene that codes for a protein helping normal cell division.

Oncogene

A mutated proto-oncogene permanently turned on, resulting in continuous cell division.

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Genes that normally pause cell division, repair DNA, or initiate cell death.

Surgery

Removes cancerous tissue; most effective for early, solid tumors.

Chemotherapy

Uses toxic chemicals to kill rapidly dividing cells throughout the body.

Radiation Therapy

Uses high-energy ionizing radiation to kill targeted cells by damaging DNA.

Immunotherapy

Treatment that re-enables immune cells to kill cancer cells.