epigenetics

These flashcards cover key concepts related to transcription factors, gene expression, operons, epigenetics, and the implications of these biological processes.

Transcription factors are __ that can either increase or decrease the rates of transcription.

Proteins.

The area that begins a gene and allows RNA polymerase to bind is called the __.

Promoter region.

If a transcription factor binds to a promoter region, it __ transcription.

Increases.

When transcription factors inhibit a gene, they may cause transcription to be __ altogether.

Stopped.

The __ operon is found in bacterial cells and regulates the expression of genes required for lactose metabolism.

Lac.

The lac repressor protein binds to the promoter, thereby preventing __ from binding and halting the transcription of lac genes.

RNA polymerase.

When lactose is present, it causes the lac repressor to __ shape, allowing gene expression to occur.

Change.

Epigenetics refers to __ changes that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence.

Environmental.

Tumor suppressor genes are genes that function to __ tumors from forming.

Prevent.

The addition of an acetyl group to histone proteins leads to __ gene expression by tightening DNA around histones.

Decreased.

Continuous variation, such as height, is controlled by multiple genes and can also be affected by __ factors.

Environmental.

A __ is a substance with no active drug that helps to assess the effects of a new medication in drug trials.

Placebo.

In a double-blind trial, neither the nor the knows which participants are taking the active drug versus a placebo.

Doctor; patient.

The __ index is a ratio that represents the proportion of cells in mitosis at a given time during the cell cycle.

Mitotic.

Gamma radiation can cause DNA damage and inhibit __ in cells.

Mitosis.

The P21 gene is involved in controlling the cell cycle by halting __ in response to DNA damage.

Mitosis.

Proto-oncogenes are genes that have the potential to become __ when mutated.

Oncogenes.

The process of lactose being broken down into galactose requires the proper functioning of the __ operon genes.

Lac.

When histone proteins are tightly bound due to acetylation, genes are __ expressed.

Less.

The loss of or mutation in tumor suppressor genes can lead to increased __ risk.

Cancer.

In terms of genetic heritability, continuous variation traits such as height are influenced by __ and genetic factors.

Environmental.