general psych

quizbee

founder of structuralism

Wilhelm Wundt

the world's first experimental psychology laboratory?

1879 in leipzig germany

goal of structuralism

Identify the structure of the mind

method of sturcturalism

introspection

the self reporting thoughts and feelings

introspection

founder of functionalism

william james

it proposed that mental processes help organisms adapt and survive

functionalism

founders of gestalt psychology?

max wertheimer

Perception of patterns and whole

gestalt psychology

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

gestalt psychology

founder of psychoanalytic theory?

sigmund freud

the study of unconscious mind and early childhood

psychoanalytic theory

it represents repressed experiences influence adult behavior

psychoanalytic theory

who pioneered classical conditioning and learning through association

ivan pavlov

founder of behaviorism

psychology must be objective

john b watson

he pioneered operant conditioning

learning through reinforcement and punishment

b.f skinner

known as the 3rd force

empasizes free will and human potetial

humanism

who pioneered hierarchy of needs

he said that the goal is self actualization

abraham maslow

who invented client centered therapy

empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard

carl rogers

what does gestalt mean

form or shape

What topics did Wertheimer study?

sensation and perception

What kind of disorders did Freud’s patients have?

hysteria

What did Freud propose about the unconscious mind?

repressed urges 

What experiences did Freud stress as important?

Early childhood experiences 

What did Pavlov demonstrate could be conditioned?

reflex

What was Little Albert taught to fear?

white rat

What kind of behavior did Skinner study through operant conditioning?

voluntary behavior

What concept did Skinner introduce to behaviorism?

reinforcement

a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future

reinforcement

any active behavior that an organism emits to operate on the environment rather than reacting automatically to a reflex

voluntary behavior

freedom to choose one’s identity

free will

Behaviors evolve to improve survival

evolutionary psychology

System for reducing bias and error

scientific method

tentative explanation based on observations 

hypothesis

Observing normal-environment behavior

naturalistic observation

What can experiments determine?

cause and effect

General explanation of observations

theory

What is neuroscience concerned with?

Neurons nerves and nervous tissue

Receive signals

dendrites

Maintains cell life

soma

Carries neural messages (the action potentials)

sends signals

Axon

Support neurons and maintenance system for neurons

glial cells

Neuron state when not firing

resting potential

a rapid, temporary change in electrical voltage across a neuron’s cell membrane that allows a nerve cell to transmit an electrical signal down its axon to communicate with other cells

action potential

a neuron or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus completely or not at all

all or none principle

the space between neurons

synaptic gap

it fit specific neurotransmitters

Receptor sites

What structures make up the central nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

Controls voluntary muscles

the part of the peripheral nervous system that manages conscious sensory input and controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement

Somatic nervous system

Controls involuntary organs

controls heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, respiration

Autonomic nervous system

Produces fight-or-flight arousal
primary division of autonomic nervous system that controls the body's unconscious "fight-or-flight" response during stress, danger, or intense physical activity

Sympathetic nervous system

Restores normal functioning

a division of the autonomic nervous system that controls the body's "rest and digest" and "feed and breed" activities

Parasympathetic nervous system

it is known as master gland

pituitary gland

it regulates vital bodily functions, metabolism, growth, and reproduction by producing its own hormones and controlling other endocrine glands

pituitary gland

Computer-controlled X-rays

a non-invasive medical imaging test that combines rotating X-ray machines and computer processing to create detailed cross-sectional or 3D images of bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues

computed tomography scan

Radio waves and magnetic fields

a non-invasive medical test that uses strong magnetic fields, radio waves, and a computer to create detailed, cross-sectional pictures of organs, tissues, and skeletal structures inside the body.

magnetic resonance imaging

Radioactive sugar

a medical imaging test that measures how your organs and tissues are functioning at a cellular level

positron emission tomography

Brain-wave patterns

a non-invasive medical test that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain

electroencephalogram

Protects and focuses incoming light

transparent, dome-shaped tissue at the very front of the eye that covers the pupil

cornea

Controls pupil size

the colored, circular muscular part of the eye that surrounds the central opening called the pupil

iris

Finishes focusing the image
transparent, flexible, biconvex structure located directly behind the iris and pupil

lens

Final stop for light

the thin, light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the inner back of the eye

retina

the photoreceptors detect low levels of light

rods

Group similar-looking items

Elements that share visual characteristics such as color, shape, size, or texture are instinctively grouped together.

similarity

Group nearby items
Elements that are positioned close to one another are perceived as a single group rather than as isolated items

proximity

Complete incomplete figures

The mind automatically fills in gaps, missing lines, or incomplete shapes to perceive a complete, whole object.

closure

Prefer continuous patterns
the human eye naturally follows a line, curve, or smooth path, perceiving continuous elements as more related than jagged or broken ones.

continuity

The brain distinguishes between a primary focal object and its surrounding area

figure ground

What is the body's largest organ?

skin

the scientific study of how the brain, nervous system, and biological processes shape human and animal behavior, thoughts, and emotions

biological psychology

the scientific study of how and why human beings grow, change, and adapt across their entire lifespan

developmental psychology

the scientific study of how an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other people

social psychology

Theory → hypothesis → testing

a top-down logical process that starts with general premises or theories and moves to a specific, certain conclusion

deductive reasoning

Observations → general theory

a bottom-up logical approach that starts with specific observations, finds patterns, and builds broader generalizations or theories

inductive reasoning

In-depth study of one individual

Detailed but hard to generalize

case study

Measures the relationship between variables

r ranges from -1.00 to +1.00

correlational

the consistency of results

reliability

accuracy of measurement

validity

Helpful traits are passed down

natural selection

the study of how environmental factors and life experiences change gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence

epigenetics

the chemical messengers that neurons use to transmit signals across synapses to other neurons, muscles, or glands, directly shaping human thoughts, moods, and behaviors

neurotransmitters

Drives motivation, reward, and pleasure.

dopamine

Regulates mood, sleep cycles, and appetite

serotonin

The brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that calms neural activity and reduces anxiety.

gamma aminobutyric acid

The primary excitatory neurotransmitter essential for learning, thinking, and memory.

glutamate

Enables muscle action, attention, and memory storage.

acetylcholine

Controls alertness, arousal, and the "fight-or-flight" stress response

norepinephrine

Act as natural painkillers and stress-reducers released during exercise or joy

endorphins

the primary processing center of the human body, consisting of the brain and the spinal cord

central nervous system

the network of nerves that lies outside your brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

Decision-making, movement, speech

the largest region of the human brain, located at the front of the head directly behind the forehead

frontal lobe

Touch and temperature

located near the top and upper-back portion of the skull beneath the parietal bone.
acts as the primary sensory-processing and integration center of the brain. It interprets signals from your skin, joints, muscles, and other sensory systems

parietal lobe

Hearing, memory, language

located on each side of the head s

plays a vital role in processing sensory input, understanding language, forming memories, and managing emotions

temporal lobe

vision
the smallest of the four main lobes in the human cerebral cortex
It receives raw visual signals sent from the retina of the eyes (via the optic nerve and thalamus) and transforms them into meaningful, conscious perceptions of the world

occipital lobe

Detecting sensory input

the physical process of your sensory organs detecting external or internal stimuli and sending those signals to your brain

sensation

It starts with raw sensory input from the environment, moving upward from basic features to the brain

bottom up processing

It is guided by higher-level cognitive processes, such as memory, context, expectations, and past experiences

top down processing

a scientific field that studies how people acquire, retain, and retrieve knowledge or change their behavior through experience and environmental interaction

learning

an organism forms a mental connection between two stimuli or between a behavior and its consequence

associative learning

it demonstrated children learn behavior through observation and imitation

bobo doll experiment