lab practical 2

lab 6

exercise 35 and 36 structure and function of respiratory system

identify the following structures in the illustration below?

Nasal cavity

lined with mucous membrane that moistens air enetering the respiratory system and traps particles.

mucous membrane

consists on CT ad respiratory epithelium which is composed of pseudostratifies ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

nasopharynx

uppermost area, directly posterior to the nasal cavity; has 2 opening on lateral walls opening of auditory tubes

oropharynx

behind the oral cavity; common passageway for food, liquid, and air

laryngopharynx

most inferior portion of the pharynx, which is located superiod to the larynx

larynx

commonly known as voice box because it contributes to sound production; controls pitch of the voice

thyroid cartilage

most prominent cartilage in the larynx, which is shield-shaped structure madeof hyaine cartilage

cricoid cartilage

inferior to the thyroid cartilage; composed of hyaline

arytenoid cartilage

superior to the cricoid cartilage in the posterior wall of the larynx; attach to the posterior end of vocal folds

vocal folds

true vocal folds

vestibular folds

false vocal folds; aboce vocal folds

intrinsic muscles

contraction of these muscles pull arytenoid cartilages, stretching vocal folds, increasing pitch of voice

epiglottis

most superior catrilage of the larynx; composed of elastic cartilage

glottis

during swallowing epiglottis covers the opening of larynx

carina

center point located most inferior portion of the trachea

trachea

straight tube whose lumen is kept open by tracheal cartilages

lungs

two lungs in humans; RL has 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior) while LL has 2 lobes (superior and inferior, indentation)

cardiac notch

identation ; space in the left lunf has 2 lobes to have space for heart

pleura cavities

lungs are located here; space between the membranes and secrete pleural fuid

parietal pleura

outer membrane on the chest cavity call,

visceral pleura

and membrane on the surgace of the lungs

alveoli

air sacs in the lung that exchange oxygen and CO2 with blood capillaries that are adjacent to them

Type I pneumocytes

make up about 90% of the alveoli and composed of simple squamous cells

type II pneumocytes

septal cells; decrease the surface tension of the lung by secreeting surfactant

emphysema

breakdown of alveoli leads to this disease; severe reduction in the surface area of lung

exercise 36

respiratory function

pulmanory ventilation

moving air into and out of the lungs and the exchange of gases across respiratory membrane

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled or exhaled without force during 1 breathing cycle of an adult human

how do u calculate IRV

IRV= VC- (ERV+TV)

vital capacity

maximum inhale followed by maximum exhale

residual volume

air that remains in lungs after full exhale

end of expiration

alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, and there is no air movement

during inspiration

increased thoracic volume results n increased alveolar volume and decreased alveolar pressure. atmospheric pressure is greater than alveolar presssure and air moves into the lungs

during expiration

decreased thoracic volume results in decreased alveolar volume and increased alveolar pressure; alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure and air moves out of the lungs

bronchioles

smal respiratoty tubules with smooth muscle in their walls

respiratory bronchioles

bronchioles divided which lead to alveolar ducts whoch branch to alveoli

alveolar sacs

alveoli that are clustered around an alveolar duct

primary bronchi

dives into lobar bronchi then into segmental and them traecheobronchial tree

nostrils

external nares

nasal septum

perpindicular platebof ethmoid bone, vomer, and septal cartilages make up

exercise 37

physiology of exercise and pulmanory health

aerobic exercise

increase heart rate and breathing rates at moderate levels for extended periods of time and do not deplete the level of oxygen consumption by the tissues of the body

anaerobic

consumption of available oxygen faster than it can be supplied to the body tissue; uses glucose and produces lactic acid

pulmonary obstruction

occurs when the respiratory passages are narrowed due to asthma, excess mucus and inflammation

pulmonary restriction

occurs when the lungs cannot fully inspire or expire the full volume of air

FEV/VC

the amount of air expelled from the lungs in one second

Lab 8

anatomy ad function of digestive system

digestive tract (alimentary canal)

long tube that runs from the mouth to the anus and comes in contact with food and breakdown products of digestion

accessory organs

secrete aubstances necessary for digestion but do not come in contact with food

labium frenulum

membranous structure that keeps the lip adhered to the gums or gingivae

hard palate

composed of the palatine processes of the maxillae and palatine bones

soft palate

composed of CT and mucous membrane

uvula

helps prevent food and liquid from moving into the nasal cavity during swallowing and keeps food in the oral cavity while chewing.

Oral cavity

lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium which protects from abrasion

major muscle in the tongue

genioglossus

4 types of papillae on the tongue

• foliate

• fungiform

• filiform

• vallate

masseter and temporalis muscles

involved in closing of jaws

pterygoid muscles

inportant in the sideway grinding action of the molar and premolar teeth

digastric and platysma muscles

open the mandible

Tooth consists of

crown, neck and root

root canal

passageway for nerves and blood vessels into the tooth

apical formen

where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth through

incisors

flat, bladelike front teeth that nip food; 8 in adult mouth

canines or cuspids

pointed teeth just lateral to the incisors that shear food; 4 in adult

premolars or bicuspids

posterios to cuspids and grind food; 8 premolars in adult

molars

most posterior; grind food and 12 molars in adult mouth including 3rd molars wisdom teeth

oropharynx

space behind the oral cavity

nasopharynx

superior to oropharynx and leads to nasal cavity ;

laryngopharynx

inferior to oropharynx; leads to the larynx and the esophagus

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

muscles aroumd the wall o oropharynx which are involved in swallowing

peristalsis

process of muscle contracting to move bolus

adventitia

outer CT of esophagus

lumen

space in esophagus that food passes through

esophageal sphincter

inferior portion of the esophagus which prevents backflow of stomach acid.

small intestine layers

serosa—> muscularis—> submucosa—> mucosa

rugae

series of folds whic allow significant expansion of stomach

pyloric sphincter

prevents premature release of stomach contents into small intestine

three major regions of small intestine

• duodenum

• jejunum

• ileum

duodenum receives fluid from both

pancreas and gallbladder

ileocecal valve

closure between the small intestine and large intestine; this valve keeps material in the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

Gastric glands

gastric pits

villus contains

blood vessels that transport sugars and amino scids from intestine to liver

vili also contains

lacteals which transport fatty acids via lympathic to venous system

cecum

first part of the large intestine

ascending colon

right side of the body; becomes the transverse colon at the right colic (hepatic) flexure

transverse colon

transverses the body from right to left; leads to descending colon at the left colic (splenic) flexure

descending colon

passes inferiorly on the left side of the body and joins with the sigmoid colon

sigmoid colon

an s shaped segment of the large intestine in the left inguinal region

rectum

staright section of colon in pelvic cavity; has superficial veins in its wall called hemmorhoidal veins which might enlarge and cause hemorrhoids

salivary glands

located in head and secrete saliva into the oral cavity

• parotid

• submandibular

• sublingual

vermiform appendix

located near the junction of the small and large intestine; very small

lesser omentum

extension of the peritoneum that forms double fold between stomach and liver

greater omentum

section of peritoneum on the transverse colon and drapes over the intestines as a fatty curtain

falciform ligamet

attached liver to the inferior side of the diaphgram

hepatic phagocytic cells (kupffer cells)

exist throughout the liver tissue where they act as macrophages

Bile flow

bile flows from the liver through hepartic ducts, to cystic duct, bie is stored in gallbladder then flows back out the cystic duct to the common bile duct and then to the duodenum. thepancreas secretes enzymes through to the pancreatic duct to the hepatopancreatic ampulla

chyme

food mixed with enzymes and HCl