BIO 102 - Human Biology Test 1 Study Guide

Practice flashcards in Question and Answer style covering key concepts, anatomy, and processes for BIO 102 Test 1.

What is the definition of biology?

The study of life.

What are the levels of biological organization listed in order from simplest to most complex?

Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

What are the sequential steps of the scientific method?

Observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion. (OQHEC)

What subatomic particles are located within the nucleus of an atom?

Protons and neutrons.

Ionic bonds

Transfer of electrons between opposite charged ions (+ and -)

Covalent Bonds

Sharing of elections between same charged ions (non-metal + non-metal)

What are the monomer building blocks of polysaccharides?

Simple sugars.

What are the monomer building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA?

Nucleotides.

Which type of organic molecule includes most enzymes?

Proteins.

What is the function of the Golgi complex within a eukaryotic cell?

It modifies, stores, and ships proteins.

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria serve as the site of cellular respiration.

Which major tissue type covers body surfaces and the linings of internal cavities?

Epithelial tissue.

In the provided image showing tissue types, what major tissue type is represented by each letter (A, B, C, and D)?

A: Connective tissue, B: Muscle tissue, C: Epithelial tissue, D: Nervous tissue.

What two cell types are predominant within the epidermis layer of human skin?

Melanocytes and keratinocytes.

What are the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone development and remodeling?

Osteoblasts deposit bone tissue, while osteoclasts break down bone tissue.

In the provided diagram of a long bone, what anatomical regions are indicated by labels A and B?

Label A indicates the epiphysis, and Label B indicates the diaphysis.

Where is fibrocartilage specifically located in the human skeletal system?

Fibrocartilage is found between the vertebrae and in the knee joint.

What skeletal disorder results from the wearing out of cartilage that covers the ends of bones?

Osteoarthritis.

What are the basic structural units of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle fibers?

Sarcomeres.

Which chemical element triggers skeletal muscle contraction by being released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Calcium ions.

What sequence lists skeletal muscle structures from largest (most inclusive) to smallest?

Muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, thick filament.

What three functional types of neurons make up the nervous system?

Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.

What is the function of Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes in the nervous system?

They are neuroglial cells that secrete and form myelin sheaths around axons.

What three main anatomical divisions compose the human brain?

The hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

What resting potential condition exists across a resting neuron membrane?

A difference in charge across the cell membrane where the interior of the cell is negative relative to the exterior.