chapter 4

Describe the two parts of cell theory.

The two parts of a cell theory are all living things are made of tiny parts call cells and all cells come from other cells that were already alive.

Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size.

Cells have upper and lower size limits because a lower cell must be big enough to hold all parts it needs to survive and for upper if a cell gets too big, it cannot move nutrients in and waste out fast enough

Describe the structure of a plasma membrane and relate these parts to the functions of the plasma membrane.

The plasma membrane is a thin layer of fats and proteins around the cell. It protects the cell and controls what goes in and out.

Distinguish between the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

The prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler with no nucleus charge. The eukaryotic are larger, more complex, and have nucleus.

Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells.

compartmentalization keeps different cell activities in separate areas. This helps the cell work faster and more efficiently.

Describe the structures and functions of the four compartments of eukaryotic cells.

The four compartments of eukaryotic cells are nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and organelles. The nucleus stores DNA and controls the cells activities, the cytoplasm holds the organelles and is where many cell activities happen. The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. The organelles specialized structure that perform specific jobs like making energy or protein.

Compare the structures of plant and animal cells. Note the function of each cell part.

They both have nucleus (stores DNA and controls the cell)

plasma membrane (controls what enters and leaves)

cytoplasm (where many cell activities happen)

ribosome (makes protein)

Mitochondria ( make energy for the cell)

Endoplasmic reticulum (helps make and move proteins and other materials)

Golgi apparatus (modifies and package materials)

Only plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole to support and protect the cell, use sunlight to make food, and store water and support plant

Compare the designs of and images produced by a light microscope, a scanning electron microscope, and a transmission electron microscope. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power.

1. 
   
   

A light microscope uses visible light and glass lenses, while a scanning electron microscope scans a specimens surface with electrons and a transmission electron microscope passes electros through a thin specimen to show internal structures. magnification is how much larger an image appears, resolving power is ability to distinguish two close points as seperate

Describe the structure and functions of the nucleus and nucleolus. Explain how DNA is packaged inside of the nucleus

The nucleus acts as the cells brain by holding and protecting all your DNA instructions. To fit inside the DNA is tightly wound up like thread on a spool while a tint inner spot called nucleolus builds protein making machines.

Describe the functions of ribosomes. Explain why some ribosomes are free in the fluid of the cytoplasm while others are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope.

Ribosomes are tiny factories that build proteins to keep the cell working. Free ribosomes float around to make proteins for the inside of the cell, while bound ribosomes stick to walls to make proteins meant to leave the cell.

Describe the structures and functions of the components of the endomembrane system including smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes.

The endomembrane system has parts that make, change, move, and break down materials in the cell rough ER makes protein, smooth ER makes fats, Golgi packages materials, and lysosomes break down waste. Vacuoles store water and other materials while peroxisomes break down harmful substances and help clean up the cell

cell theory

all living things are made of cells which are the basic building blocks if life and always come from other cells.

cell wall

The tough, outer jacket found only around plant cells that protects them and helps them stand up straight.

cellular metabolism

All chemical work a cell does to turn food into energy

central vacuole

a giant water balloon inside a cell plant that stores water and keeps cell firm

centrosome

Helper zone inside animal cells that organizes the structural cables used to pull things apart when a cell divides.

chloroplasts

tiny solar panels in plant cells that catch sunlight to make sweet food for the plant.

chromatin

loose unraveled DNA that looks like spaghetti inside the nucleus when the cell is working and relaxing

chromosome

tightly packed x-shaped bundle of DNA that forms only when a cell is ready to split into two new cells.

cilia

tiny hair like oars on the outside of some cells that wiggle together to help the cell swim or sweep away fluids.

crista

A folded inner wall inside a cells power plant that creates extra surface area to generate energy faster.

cyptoplasm

the entire inner space of the cell including the jelly like fluid and all the little organelle parts floating inside it.

cytosol

clear watery jelly fluid itself that fills up the empty spaces inside a cell

cytoskeleton

an internal skeleton of tiny tubes and strings that gives a cell its shape and acts like tracks for moving things around.

electron microscope

a super powered microscope that uses a beam of tiny particles instead of light to see the smallest parts of a cell very detailed.

endomembrane system

A team of internal cell parts that work together to build, package, and ship out important materials like proteins and fats.

eukaryotic cell

A complex, advanced cell that keeps its DNA safely locked inside a protective nucleus

flagellum

long tail on the outside of some cells that acts like a propeller to push the cell forward through liquid.

glycoprotein

sugar coated protein molecule that often sits on the cell surface

golgi appartus

where the cell receives proteins, modifies them, and packs them into bubbles to be shipped where they need to go.

granum

neat stacks of solar discs tucked inside a chloroplast that catches sunlight to help the plank bake its own food

light microscope

an optical instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify and view small specimens

organelles

specialized membrane bound structures within a cell that perform specific cellular functions

nuclear envelope

A double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of iy.

nucleolus

a dense region inside the nucleus where rna is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled