Child and Adolescent Development Exam II

Cephalocaudal

muscular development follows pattern head to toe

Proximodistal

muscular development extends from center of body out to arms

Skeletal age

best way to determine physical maturity; less developed an infant is, the more cartilage they will have between bones of their fingers

Synaptic pruning

body makes overabundance of neurons that never attach to neural fibers or make connections with synapses

NIROT

children wear optical nerve cap that measures the absorption of infrared light by the brain

Language is primarily performed by which side of the brain?

Left; right handles visual spatial abilities and negative emotions

Skeels-Dye Experiment IQ outcomes

children born in orphanage studied to measure intellectual growth, 12 stayed, 13 visit women in mental institution. 12 who stayed lost 30 IQ points, 13 who visited gained 28 IQ points

Most common sleeping pattern with infants across the planet

90% practice co-sleeping

Two highest risk traits associated with experiencing SIDS

infants born premature and underweight

Increasing or decreasing the rates of breast feeding across the planet will increase or decrease the rate of child mortality?

increasing rates of breast feeding will decrease child mortality

Around what month should a breast-feeding parent start introducing baby food?

6 months

Marasmus

malnutrition resulting from complete lack in nutrients; usually causes permanent damage to heart, liver, brain, and kidneys

Two traits of kwashiorkor besides the main symptom (know what that is as well)

malnourishment most shown in commercials where stomach is distended due to a lack of protein; hair loss, rashes on skin, irritability, restlessness, and swollen feet and abdomen

Mirror Neurons

neurons in the brain that have been found to activate when viewing other’s behavior; neurons stay activated when humans repeat behavior as well

Who did Piaget study in his original observation?

his own 3 daughters

Circular reaction

infants develop first skills by luck; will repeat a behavior and develops a scheme based on response

What study contradicts Piaget’s timing of imitation?

mirror neuron study

Object Permanence

ability to understand object still exists even when hidden; most advanced form is invisible displacement

What measurement did Piaget use to study object permanence?

“A-not-B Error”; children showed hidden location of toy (location A) then is moves toy to new location in front of child (location B) when infant is told to find the toy they usually pick location A

What study did we watch that measures the violation of expectation method?

trolley experiment; car rolls down ramp behind “wall”, but second time does not come out other side of the wall (disappears)

Core knowledge perspective

argument that children are born with certain cognitive schemes already established; why children develop so fast

Hippocampal neurogenesis

process by which new neurons are added to hippocampus; may be deleting memories by doing so

Zone of proximal development

tasks or skills that children need help to develop

Scaffolding

actual parent and child interaction that occurs during zone of proximal development; parental interaction helps develop skills

Which two subscales of the Bayley needs the primary caregiver present?

language scale (recognition of people and objects, following directions, and naming objects) and social-emotional scale (interview parents about various emotional responses)

Does the Still Face experiment provide support for the statement that neutral facial expressions tend to upset babies?

yes the baby is happy and laughing when the mom is smiling and making faces but is upset when the mother has a straight face and will even do things in attempt to make the mom smile

When does the social smile tend to develop

between 6 to 10 weeks old

What heavily influences how early the social smile occurs?

parents’ emotions or facial expressions; more parents smile the earlier infants develops social smile

What requires faster processing in a baby, smiling or laughing?

laughing

Stranger anxiety

first common fear response where children often scared of people they do not know; starts around 6-10 months old

Only the biological mother of a newborn can experience postpartum depression

False, adoptive parents, fathers and siblings can also experience this

What are the two most common measurements of temperament

reactivity and self-regulation

What is the original study associated with temperament?

New York Longitudinal Study, Thomas and Chess 1956; measured development of temperament from birth to adulthood in participants

Research appears to link what part of the brain to temperament?

the amygdala; shy or introverted children have more sensitive amygdala that reacts to stress easier

Does research show that temperaments can change as children grow?

by junior high usually is more stable and less influenced by environmental factors

Separation anxiety

common for children during attachment phase to show distress when away from caregiver

In the study about babies staring at the cartoon video, please describe which caregiver both groups of babies stared at longer

securely attached stared at the unresponsive caregiver (far apart) longer where insecurely attached stared at responsive caregiver (close together) longer

The names of the four attachment styles in the Strange Study

secure (upset when leaves, happy when returns), insecure avoidant (not upset by leaving), insecure resistant (distressed and angry at parent leaving, not as easily comforted when parent returns), disorganized (does not show happiness around caregiver or stress when they leave)

What appears to be a relationship between a lack of a primary caregiver, the amygdala, and facial expressions

children raised in orphanages with insecure attachment styles struggle to read facial expressions and had significantly larger amygdala

Did a governmental study of 1,300 babies in daycare and not attending daycare find significant differences in attachment styles between the two groups?

there was no significant differences

Which group of fathers spend the most time with their daughters in the United States?

Latin American fathers

What study measures self-recognition?

rouge mirror test; blush mark is placed on infants forehead and then placed in front of mirror, younger than 18 months do not recognize their reflection is them, 18 months and older recognize that it’s their reflection and the mark is on their own head

Fluoride helps prevent what in people?

cavities

Neuroimaging studies show that children growing up in poverty have less

gray matter in prefrontal cortex

How is a sleep terror different than a nightmare?

with night terrors your body physically reacts, wake up disoriented, screaming and slow to calm down

When mother’s practice dietary restrictions with their children, what outcome is more likely to happen?

Restriction of certain foods is more likely to result in obesity versus pressure to eat certain foods

Besides water, what else is needed for ORT?

salt and sugar

Otitis Media

fluid build up in the ear that becomes infected, antibiotics remove infection not fluid