kingdom protista/ bacteria

What type of cells do protists have?

Eukaryotic cells.

Are protists unicellular or multicellular?

They can be unicellular or multicellular.

What are the three methods of nutrition in protists?

Photosynthesis, ingestion, and absorption.

How do protists reproduce?

Sexually and asexually.

What are the three main groups of protists in these notes?

Plant-like, animal-like, and fungus-like protists.

What are plant-like protists?

Algae.

What are animal-like protists?

Protozoans.

What are fungus-like protists?

Slime molds and water molds.

What characteristics do plant-like protists have?

They are photosynthetic and have cell walls.

What type of cells do bacteria and archaea have?

Prokaryotic cells.

Do bacteria have a nucleus?

No, their DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus.

Do bacteria have membrane-bound organelles?

No.

What genetic material do bacteria have?

Circular DNA and sometimes plasmids.

What are plasmids?

Small circular DNA molecules separate from the main chromosome.

Are most bacteria motile?

No, most are nonmotile.

What structure allows some bacteria to move?

Flagella.

How do bacteria reproduce?

Asexually through binary fission.

What is binary fission?

One bacterial cell divides into two daughter cells.

Do bacteria reproduce sexually?

No, but they can exchange DNA through genetic recombination.

What is genetic recombination?

The exchange or acquisition of DNA that creates genetic variation.

What are the three methods of genetic recombination in bacteria?

Conjugation, transformation, and transduction.

What is conjugation?

DNA is transferred from a donor bacterium to a recipient through a pilus.

What is a pilus?

A structure that can connect bacteria for DNA transfer.

What is transformation?

A living bacterium takes up DNA released by dead bacteria.

What is transduction?

A virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another.

What are the two main modes of nutrition in bacteria?

Heterotrophic and autotrophic.

What is a heterotrophic bacterium?

A bacterium that gets carbon from organic matter.

What is a saprobe?

An organism that obtains nutrients from nonliving organic matter.

What is an autotrophic bacterium?

A bacterium that obtains carbon from inorganic carbon sources such as CO2.

What are cyanobacteria also called?

Blue-green bacteria.

Do cyanobacteria produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

Yes.

Do sulfur and nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria produce oxygen?

No.

What surrounds cyanobacterial cells?

A mucoid sheath, capsule, or slime coat.

What is the function of the cyanobacterial sheath?

Retains water, protects against UV radiation, and aids movement.

How do cyanobacteria move?

By gliding, without flagella.

Where do cyanobacteria carry out light-dependent photosynthesis?

On thylakoid membranes.

What pigments do cyanobacteria contain?

Chlorophyll a and phycobilin pigments.

What are phycobilins?

Accessory pigments involved in photosynthesis.

Where does carbon fixation occur in cyanobacteria?

Inside carboxysomes.

Where do Calvin cycle reduction and regeneration occur in cyanobacteria?

In the cytoplasm.

What is nitrogen fixation?

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable nitrogen compounds such as ammonia.

Where can cyanobacteria live?

Freshwater, marine environments, and in symbiosis with other organisms.

How can cyanobacteria be organized?

In chains or colonies held together by gelatinous material.

How do cyanobacteria reproduce?

By fission or fragmentation.

What are akinetes?

Thick-walled cells that survive unfavorable conditions.

What are beneficial uses of cyanobacteria?

Biofuels, fertilizers, food supplements, and pharmaceutical research.

What is an example of a cyanobacterial food supplement?

Spirulina (Arthrospira).

What is a cyanobacterial bloom?

A large increase in cyanobacteria in water.

What are cyanotoxins?

Toxins produced by some cyanobacteria that can harm humans and animals.

What pigments do sulfur and nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria use?

Bacteriochlorophyll.

What electron donor do sulfur bacteria use?

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

What electron donors can purple nonsulfur bacteria use?

Organic compounds.

How are sulfur bacteria useful to humans?

Wastewater treatment and biofertilizers.

How do sulfur bacteria help agriculture?

They help make sulfur more available to plants.