Orgins of the cell

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Last updated 9:22 PM on 9/20/26
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11 Terms

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Prokaryotes

  • Anucleted

  • No organelles

  • Single & circular DNA

  • Locomotion powered by hydrogen protons in bacteria


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Eukaroytes

  • Many distinct organelles

  • One or more linear DNA molecules

  • Nucleated

  • Locomotion powered by ATP


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Plasma membrane

  • In prokaryotes

  • Contains contents of the cell (eg: cytoplasm)


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Protocells orgins

  • Life may have begun with self replicating molecules inside lipidic membranes (liposomes, micelles)

  • Supporting evidence : Some amphipathic molecules self assemble into spheres


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Origin of organelles

  • The infolding of plasma membrane may have created permanent internal structures

  • Supporting evidence : Some prokaryotes have infolds of their plasma membranes taking on specific functions (eg: respiratory membrane)


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Planctomycetes

  • Bacteria

  • Has many eukaryotic properties (condensed dna, separation of transcription & translation)


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Origin of mitochondria

  • A eukaryote ancestor engulfed and aerobic bacterium as prey but kept it alive instead of digesting it

  • An endosymbiotic theory

  • Supporting evidence : Phagocytosis of bacteria by eukaryotes is common, some prokaryotes can live inside cells they infect, mitochondria have circular DNA


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Order of origin of organlles

Nucleus then mitochonrion (alternative hypothesis switches these)

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Origin of chloroplasts

  • A mitochondriate eukaryote engulfed a photosynthetic bacterium but kept it alive instead of digesting it

  • Supporting evidence: Chloroplasts have circular DNA

  • Some chloroplasts have 3 membranes so it may have happened multiple times


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Hatena & Nephroselmis endosymbiotic relationship

Hatena without symbiot

  • Has feeding tube, cant divide, not phototrophic

Nephroselmis when indigested

  • Keeps nucleus & chloroplast, loses most organelles, cant divide

When hatena divides only one daughter cell keeps the symbiont


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Acyrthosiphon & Buchnera

  • Aphids have specialized cells called bacteriocytes who house cells of buchners

  • Buchnera overproduces amino acids that are used by the aphid

  • Both organisms have become codependent