Botany exam 2

Basic parts of leaves

Blade, petiole, and stipule

Blade

Site of photosynthesis on a leaf

Petiole

Leaf part that can be absent, connects to stem

Stipule

Joins at stem, modified to defensive structures

Blade ( picture ans.)

What is 1?

Stipules (picture ans.)

What is 3?

Stipules (picture ans.)

What is 3?

Node

Place of leaf attachment (where leaves emerge)

Internode (picture)

What is 1?

Node (picture)

What is 2?

Internode

Distance between modes

Leaf axils

Contain axillary buds

Axillary bud

A small, embryonic shoot found in the angle between a plant's leaf and the main stem

Axillary bud (picture)

What is 3?

Florigan

Flowering hormone

Alternate, opposite, whorled

3 types of leaf arrangement

Phyllotaxy

The arrangement of leaves on a stem

Alternate leaf arrangement

One leaf per node

Opposite leaf arrangement

2 leaf per node

Whorled leaf arrangement

3 or more leaves per node

Alternate (picture)

What type of arrangement is 1?

Opposite (picture)

What type of arrangement is 2?

Whorled (picture)

What type of arrangement is 3?

Pinnately compound leaf

Feather-like

• divided into leaflets

• No Axillary buds

Palmately compound leaf

Leaflets stemming from a single point

Palmately (picture)

What type of compound leaf is 1?

Pinnately (picture)

What type of compound leaf is 2?

Monocot leaves

Can be thought of as sessile on the stem, with sheaths and parallel venation

Blade (monocot pic)

What is 1?

Stem (monocot pic)

What is 2?

Sheath (monocot pic)

What is 3?

Parallel venation

What is 4?

Leaf absition

Leaves fall down

Leaf modifications

Leaves DONT always (only) photosynthesize

• can be modified into a wide variety of plant structures

Bud scales

• winter buds

• Cold resistant

Cotyledons

• embryonic leaves

• Two types of

• Gives plants ahead start before germination

• Stuffed carbohydrates to sugar

Flowers

• all modified leaves

• Florine

• Originate as the same thing

Spines

• defensive structure

• Cactaceae

• Stem photosynthesize (not thorns)

Tendrils

Thismotrophism- growth from a touch stimulus

Water storage

• succulent plants

• Analogous trait

Floatation

• Waterlily

Insectivory

• eats insects

• Carnivorous

• Convergent (analogous)

• Common environmental pressure

• Enzymes breaks down exoskeleton of prey to gain nitrogen

Stems

• structural support

• Occasional site of photosynthesis

• Conduction of fluids between roots and leaves

Primary growth

• growth in length

• A plant growing taller, a branch growing longer, etc.

• Occurs at the apical meristem

Tunica-corpus model

• outer layer

• Two-layered tunica cells divide “anticlinally”

• Multiple layers in corpus divide “perclinally”.

Anticlinally

• two-layered tunica cells do side to side divisions

• Maintains volume of cells internally

Periclinally

• multiple layers in corpus divide “up and down” to maintain volume of cells internally

Ground meristem

Origin of most of the pith and cortex

Tunica

• generates

  • Epidermis

  • Surface internal tissues (auxiliary buds, etc.)

Corpus

Generates

• vascular tissue

• Internal parenchyma

Secondary growth

Yearly or seasonal growth in width

Heartwood

Darker part of wood (center typically) because of metabolic waste and defensive chemicals (protects from fungi)

• antifungal properties

Dendrochronology

Individuals tress can be aged by their rings

• as well as local conditions at the time

Lenticels

• has dots

• Modified stomata when it was alive

• Guard cells die

• Underside of stoma packed with lignified fluff

• Regulates gas exchange

Cycads

• early type of wood

• Well formed cortex and pith

• Manoxylic

Pynoxylic

• all other woody gymnosperms and angiosperms have this type of wood

• Cortex and pith are highly reduced

• Xylem is dominant - tightly packed rings

Monocot stems

• xylem, phloem, sclerenchyma

• No true woody

• Thick lignified skin

• Orchids, grasses, corn

Xerophytes

• desert adaptive

• Does all photosynthesis

• Modified structures- spines

• Minimization of surface area pleated for water storage

• Expands for water collection

Rhizomes

• a form of underground stem

• Auxiliary buds

• Asexual reproduction

• Can be broken off by nature ,

Stolon

• Run up top of ground (stems)

• Lawn grass, centipede grass

• Rooting at the node

Tubers

• starch (carbohydrate) storage

• Eyes are auxiliary buds

• Eyes arranged in spiral

• Opposite leaf arrangement

Bulbs

• actual part of the team

• Have modified leaves

Tendrils

• originates from the auxiliary bud

• Leaf tissue

Thorns

• started it as an auxillary bud

• Protects from animals

Stem modification

• Examples: Thorns, bulbs, tendrils, corms, tubers, stolon, xerophytes, rhizomes

Flowers

• flower parts are modified leaves (developed from a bud)

• Reproductive organs

Anther (pic)

What is 1?

Filament (pic)

What is 2?

Stamen (pic)

1 & 2 makes up what part (3)?

Petal (pic)

What is 4 (also known as corolla)?

Ovule with embryo sac (pic)

What is 5?

Sepal (pic)

What is 6 (also known as calyx)?

Receptacle (pic)

What is 7?

Peduncle (pic)

What is 8?

Stigma (pic)

What is 9?

Style (pic)

What is 10?

Pistil (pic)

9, 10, and 11 makes up what flower part?

Perianth

• the corolla and calyx referred to collectively

• (Petal and sepal)

Tepals

• if the corolla and calyx look the same they are referred to as

Monocot part of flower

Petals in front of sepals

Peduncle

• entire inflorescence

Pedicel

Individual flower

Whorls

Nectaries

Androecium

• stamen

• Made up of anther & filament

• Stock attached to the recepical

Anther

Part of the stamen that produces the pollen grain

1 pollen grain

Produce 2 sperm

Gyneciums

• Pistils

• collective noun for all carpels

• Made up of stigma, style, and one to several carpals

• Can be fused to one pistil or unfused into more

Ovary

Swollen part at the base

Ovules

Ovary contains a structure that produces the eggs

Style

Above the ovary is a stock that supports a platform

Stigma

• swollen area at the top is the ____

• Landing place for pollen

Carpel

• made of ovule plus locule ( the chamber in which the ovule sits

Placentation

Pattern of attachment of the ovule (what will become a seed) to the ovary

Ovule

What is 1?

Carpel

What is 2?

Placenta

What is 3?

Ovules

What is 4?

Locule

What is 5?

Axile placentation

• ovules attached to the center, with carpels divided by walls (septa)

• Converts Gyneciums to fruit

Parietal placentation

• ovules attached to outer wall of ovary, usually divided by septa

• Has an ovary

• Placenta on the outside edges

• Sometimes separated by walls