Ap Biology

Physiology

The study of how living organisms function, including processes like respiration, circulation, and digestion, to maintain homeostasis and respond to stimuli.

Microbiology

Focuses on microscopic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, exploring their structure, function, genetics, and ecological roles.

Immunology

Examines the immune system's role in defending against pathogens, studying immune responses, cell communication, and modulation for vaccine development and disease understanding.

DNA

Double-stranded helical structure with deoxyribose sugar, bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine), storing genetic information.

RNA

Single-stranded with ribose sugar, bases (Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine), involved in protein synthesis.

Cell Division Phases

PMAT - Prophase (chromatin condensation), Metaphase (chromosome alignment), Anaphase (sister chromatid separation), Telophase (chromosome separation and cytokinesis).

Environmental Conservation

Efforts for sustainable living, biodiversity protection, climate change mitigation, renewable energy, wildlife habitat preservation, pollution reduction, and ecosystem restoration.