MODULE 4 LESSON 2: Concept of Types

• Holotype

• Paratype [in Botany, Isotype]

• Allotype

• Syntype, Cotype

• Lectotype (Para…)

• Neotype (Para…)

• Hapantotype

Kinds of Types

• ________

• ________ [in Botany, ________]

• ________

• ________, ________

• ________ (Para…)

• ________ (Para…)

• ________

Holotype

Which kind of type?

• Single specimen chosen from among individuals available and on which the original description of a species was based

Holotype

Which kind of type?

• Official name-bearer

Holotype

Which kind of type?

• Very valuable in cases of nomenclatural conflicts

Paratypes

Which kind of type?

• The other specimens present together with the holotype and designated as such by the author in the original description of the species

Allotype

Which kind of type?

• A paratype designated by the author(s) as most typical representative of the opposite sex of the holotype

Syntypes / Cotypes

Which kind of type?

• In old taxonomic literature, some authors fail or refuse to choose or designate a holotype, especially for colonial or highly gregarious species, treating equally all specimens upon which the original description was based; in such cases, all original material are called __________ or ___________

Syntypes / Cotypes

Which kind of type?

• A syntype is any one of two or more specimens that is listed in a species description where no holotype was designated

Lectotype

Which kind of type?

• Single specimen, chosen & designated by a reviser, from among syntypes/cotypes

• paralectotypes

Which kind of type?

• After lectotype is designated, the rest of the syntypes/cotypes may be designated as ______________

Neotype

• type-locality

• paraneotypes

Which kind of type?

_______________

• Replacement specimen designated by a reviser as official name-bearer in cases when the holotypes or cotypes are lost, damaged and proven irrecoverable.

• Preferably, from the same ______________ and host as the holotype

• The rest of its batch during revision become ______________.

Hapantotype

Which kind of type?

• Applicable to complex organisms where a single specimen actually consists of several individuals, e.g. corals